108 
American Milk- Condensing Factories. 
fact becomes familiar among consumers, condensed milk must 
take the place of the vile fluid bearing the name of milk which 
now is hawked about in all leading towns and cities. 
It may be well to warn those who propose to enter upon 
condensed milk manufacture, that more than ordinary difficulties 
lie before them. In the first place, arrangements must be per- 
fected for obtaining good, clean, healthy milk, and this imposes 
a sort of education upon those producing milk (of the greatest 
importance), which, at least in the United States, does not gene- 
rally obtain. This may be properly discussed under the head of 
the Fungi Theory. 
The Fungi Theory. — I have said that farmers need to be 
educated in the production of milk — to be so well grounded in 
knowledge of facts and principles that a high moral responsibility 
shall result. I have no Utopian theories for regenerating the 
world, and I have no hope but that there will always be more or 
fewer bad men, even among dairymen ; but I have faith that 
most farmers, when they know a thing to be morally wrong, and 
when they are convinced that right pays best, will generally 
choose the latter. I assume that no fair-minded man will go 
deliberately to work administering poison to his domestic animals 
to make their meat bad and unwholesome, when there is no 
reason to hope that such meat will sell in the market for more 
than sound meat, while there is probability that it may sell for 
less, or may be a total loss. At the same time there is the fear 
of detection and of being held in the estimation of his neigh- 
bours and the community as a knave and a cheat. Why, then, 
should farmers who have the means at hand for making good 
milk persist in making that which is bad and unwholesome, if it 
be not from a lack of knowledge in regard to principles ? It is 
not sufficient to be told that he is making bad milk — the reasons 
must be given plainly, and the conviction firmly established in 
his mind as to the truth of the principles enunciated. Then, 
with this conviction before him by day and by night, his moral 
sense is brought into action, and permanent improvement may 
be expected. 
The investigations of Hallier and Pasteur with the micro- 
scope have explained the nature of causes in operation, which 
change milk from its normal condition, or which render it filthy 
and unwholesome. They show that this state is brought about by 
living organisms, that these pervade the atmosphere, and that 
the germs absorbed in the milk from this source multiply and 
increase with wonderful rapidity and take complete possession 
of the fluid, changing it into their own nature. The germs from 
cesspools, from decomposing and putrid animal matter, when 
introduced into milk, carry their own peculiar taint, and bv 
