152 
Management of Grass Land. 
waste water from the vat flows in one division, and here accumu- 
lates until there is sufficient weight to carry the box down. This 
moves the float across the milk. Then, while the water is being 
discharged, the waste water from the vat is pouring into the other 
side of the box sufficient to carry that side down, and the float in 
the milk moves back ; and thus the float, moving backwards and 
forwards at intervals, stirs the milk during the night and prevents 
the cream from rising. It is a very simple and useful appliance, 
and does efficient service in exposing the particles of milk to the 
atmosphere, and thus assists in keeping the milk in good order. 
Conclusion. 
In conclusion, I may say that the condensing business requires 
considerable capital, great labour, unceasing care, and minute 
attention to details which paid workmen will neglect, if not con- 
stantly watched. Mr. Borden thought he could get an extension 
of his patent if he tried, but he would not try. He preferred to 
rely on his skill and faithfulness in the manufacture in open 
competition. 
The product made at his factories has never been excelled. In 
his early experiments scientific men told him that it was useless 
to think of retaining the (oil) cream ; but he said it would not be 
milk then, only " skim milk," and so he kept on experimenting, 
and finally succeeded in retaining all the cream. To do this 
successfully under his process, the milk is brought to a tem- 
perature of 212° Fahr. before it goes to the pan, as I have 
described in the early part of this paper. Some think that the 
condensing business must necessarily make slow progress, on 
account of the difficulty of getting skilled labour, and the constant 
watchfulness required to make an unexceptionable article. Fac- 
tories have been started from time to time, and abandoned on 
this account. Mr. Borden has kept steadily on, and has met with 
merited success, because he has never allowed a poor article to 
go upon the market. And this should be a rule among^all those 
who propose to enter upon its manufacture. 
IV. — On the Management of Grass Land, with especial 
Reference to the Production of Meat. By H, S. Thompson, 
of Kirby Hall, York. 
The Journal for 1858 contained several articles on the Manage- 
ment of Grass Land, in one of vvhich I gave an account of some 
experiments in laying down land to grass, and its subsequent 
management. These experiments have been repeated, under a 
considerable variety of circumstances, during the last fourteen 
