156 
Management of Grass Land. 
100 breeding ewes, and 20 sows can supply annually for sale. 
The stock must be self-sustaining, and must, therefore, contain 
animals of both sexes and of various ages. The following cal- 
culation proceeds on the assumption that 100 cows will pro- 
duce annually 80 calves ; that 10 per cent, of these will be 
killed for veal, and that, apart from any abnormal attack of disease, 
3 per cent, will adequately represent the deaths. 
Self-maintaining Herd of 100 Cows. 
Total Herd. x 
Cows 100 It is assumed that 100 cows 
Bulls 2 will produce 80 calves annually, 
Youno; Stock — of which 8 (=10 per ceut.) will 
Under 12 months old .. .. 80 be killed as veal. 
1 year old and under 2 years 72 To maintain the herd, 20 cows 
2 years old and under 3) r-g i and 1 bull must be supplied 
years ) I annually from the young stock 
between 2 and 3 years old, thus 
326 reducing the number available 
Deaths=3 per cent 10 for market from 72 to 51. 
316; 
Number available for Market. 
Draught cows and bull 21 
Calves 8 
Young stock, 2 to 3 years old 51 
80 
Less deaths 3 per cent 2 
On these data a herd of 316 cattle of all ages will send to 
market annually 78 head = 24 68 per cent. In applying these 
figures to Table (B) allowance must be made for the calves not 
officially enumerated. Calves for veal are nearly always killed 
under eight weeks of age, and as the enumeration is only made 
once a year, and the consumption of veal is tolerably uniform 
through the year, ^ths of the veal calves are born and clie with- 
out finding their way into the annual return. In the foregoing 
statement a herd of 326 animals contained 8 veal calves, and 
of these ^jths ( = 6 >), which is equal to 2 per cent, of the whole 
herd, would be omitted from the official return. Two per cent, 
must therefore be added to the number of cattle in that return, 
which would have the same result (within a very minute fraction) 
as raising the percentage given above of cattle available for 
slaughter from 24'G8 to 25 per cent. It will therefore be assumed 
that 25 per cent, of the cattle of all ages in Table (B) will be 
annually available for slaughter. 
