Jersey, Guernsey, Aldemey, and Sark. 63 
before described, inasmuch as it is here customary to churn the 
milk and not the cream. The churning takes place twice every 
week ; the time occupied for making butter is, under the most 
favourable circumstances, hours, never less, but often more 
than 3, and sometimes even the whole morning and afternoon, 
depending much on the temperature, which it is here said should 
be 68 degrees. The Guernsey butter is very good, but it remains 
a query whether more or better butter is obtained by this system 
of churning the milk. It is said that a trial once took place to 
test if, by churning the cream only, the same quantity could 
be made, and that it was found not to be the case ; therefore the 
mode of churning the milk has been continued. If the tempera- 
ture be too low, hot water is added until it arrives at 60 degrees 
at least ; some churn at this, whilst others prefer a temperature of 
68 degrees. 
The following is an authentic statement of the exports of 
cattle during the last two years : — 
1857. il858. 
Oxen and bulls 51 41 
Cows and calves 666 695 
At the last census, taken in 1851, Guernsey contained 29,733 
inhabitants. This population is differently composed from that 
in the sister island (Jersey): in the latter it was said that one- 
fourth were either English, Scotch, Irish, or foreigners ; but 
here the proportion of strangers is comparatively small. Of 
country people there are three classes : first, the landowner, who 
possesses substantial property ; secondly, the smaller proprietor ; 
thirdly, the cottager. But the object which one and all have in 
view is the same throughout — viz. the acquirement of wealth 
and independence. The first class, having naturally the most 
means at their command, live on a more elevated scale than the 
rest : they have servants to assist in the rougher work of their 
occupations, and live at ease ; but they invariably work them- 
selves. The smaller proprietors do not employ servants, but do 
the entire work themselves ; and by strict economy seldom fail 
to attain the object in view. In families belonging to this class 
many members turn their attention to trades, as well as to agri- 
cultural pursuits, and will occasionally snatch a day for the cul- 
tivation of their land ; others may be fishermen, who devote 
their leisure moments to that calling. The third class consists 
of labourers, who, in most cases, having by industry earned suffi- 
cient to build small cottages on the patrimonial division which 
may have fallen to their lot, strive by their labour to increase 
their store. 
Throughout the islands the manner of living is nearly the 
same. There are, perhaps, no people who rise earlier or retire 
