162 
Injiuence of Climate on Cultivation. 
Under the five-course the expense of culture is less ; and being 
more self-sustaining by pasturing seeds two years, it costs less for 
manure. The truth is, neither the Welch nor the Scotch farmer 
can well afford to grow so great a proportion of turnips as the 
Norfolk farmer does. Wheat cannot be sown with advantage after 
seeds in moist climates ; it is difficult to obtain a large breadth of 
this crop after turnips : inferior priced grains miust therefore be 
resorted to. A smaller gross produce is obtained at less expense. 
That this must be so will be rendered sufficiently apparent in 
looking at the aggregate sum which is likely to be derived from 
the produce of the grain crops in the course of a twenty years' 
lease under the four and five course shifts. During that period, 
on a farm of 200 arable acres, the Norfolk farmer would raise — 
1000 acres of wheat, say 4 quarters an acre, 4000 quarters at 50s. .. 10,000 
1000 acres of barley, say 5 „ „ 5000 „ at 30s. .. 7,500 
Being a total for gram crops of £17,500 
In Scotland and the West of England, oats must succeed the 
grass, and wheat and barley the turnips. In a twenty years' lease 
of a farm of 200 acres, under the five-course shift, there would 
be raised — 
800 acres of oats at G quarters, 4800 quarters at 25.s. .. .. 6,000 
400 „ barley at 5 „ 2000 „ at 30s 3,000 
400 „ wheat at 4 „ 1600 „ at oOs 4,000 
£13,000 
If we assume that the value of the land is the same in both cases, 
it is evident that the same rents can only be paid by the Scotch 
farmer by the inferior crops involving less expense in cultivation. 
So long as he only raises the common grain crops he cannot afford 
to farm so high as the English farmer, seeing that the limits 
of production are sooner attained. The English farmer finds it 
profitable to consume large quantities of cake and inferior grain 
in tiie feeding of stock for the purpose of enriching his manure- 
heap ; but it could be easily shown that the margin for profit would 
bo hardly less were he only able to grow those inferior kinds of 
grain which he uses in feeding. It is for this reason that, so long 
as the Scotch farmer relied on paying his rent by selling fat stock 
and grain, he never could afford to larm so high as the English. 
It now remains for us to point out, a little more in detail, the 
elements of climate which determine the particulars of the oppo- 
site systems which experience has established. This can only 
be effectively done by contrasting the requirements of the various 
crops, with respect to cultivation and manuring, under various 
climatic conditions. 
The most striking and marked difference in the cultivation of 
