198 
Application of btcam I'ower 
The quantity of work done, the cost and chnractcr of the opera- 
tions, &c., are comprised under the hist section of this essay. 
Messrs. Chandler and Oliver, of Hatfield, have an important 
modification of the stationary engine and windlass arrangement. 
They lengthen the hind axletree of a portable engine, and hang 
the winding drums upon it, one on each side the boiler, driving 
the drums by toothed gearing from the engine crank-shaft. By 
this means the separate windlass is dispensed with, and the 
driving strap avoided ; but the engine is of course converted into 
a somewhat cumbrous and heavy piece of machinery. Instead 
of being placed in one corner of the plot to be ploughed, the 
engine is stationed midway down one side; and tlie two ropes, 
led round a double snatch-block set a few yards from the drums, 
diverge at an angle to tlie anchored snatch-blocks at the ends of 
the work. A shorter length of rope is needed than on the rect- 
angular metiiod of laying out ; but four pulleys (or snatch-blocks) 
are required. The anchors and rope-porters used are similar 
to Mr. Smith's. The plough bears some resemblance to Mr. 
Fowler's ; one set of plough-bodies pointing towards the other 
set ; but instead of being attached to beams balanced upon a 
central axle and pair of wheels, the ploughs are so hung within a 
frame on three wheels, that one set can be raised and the other 
simultaneously lowered by a rack-an'd-pinion motion. The 
steerage is effected by levers and rods wliicli alter the direction 
of the foremost wheel — made with an indenting edge to cut into 
the ground, and carried on a swivel. By combining the windlass 
with the engine the labour required is reduced to the extent of 
one man (needed to attend a separate windlass), but as the en- 
gine is not stationed at the corner of the j)lot of ground, the work 
cannot be crossed with the scarifier without shifting the engine, 
which is an important consideration. The plough is manufac- 
tured by Messrs. Howard, of Bedford, and 1 have seen it make 
some very good worlc 
Mr. Hayes, of Stony Stratford, has a windlass in which the 
two drums are driven from riggers placed on tlie frame between 
them : the drums being thrown in or out of gear by simply shift- 
ing the engine-belt from one rigger to another ; and when both 
drums are out of work the belt is carried by a slack or dead rigger 
so that the engine may keep running. 
Mr, Alassey, of Newport, Salop, has added a traversing guide 
to the windhiss, for adjusting the coils of rope, and thus dispenses 
with the manual labour hitherto necessary to superintend it. 
The eye or guide traverses to and fro by means of a double screw, 
after the principle of the Scandinavian printing-jness. 
Messrs. Howard, of Bedford, have also constructed a new 
windlass, with drums on vertical axes, and self-winding mechanism 
