On the Farming of Essex. 
43 
are then carefully weeded, rolled, and left for seed. The land in beans 
is in the next year drilled with wheat or barley, and that in clover is 
drilled with wheat. In the fourth year that portion of the wheat suc- 
ceeding the clover is folded upon again with turnips as before, and in 
the succeeding year is sown again with oats ; and that portion succeed- 
ing the beans is fallowed, and sown with mangold wurzel and Swede 
turnips. Thus a continual sj'stem of labour is kept up, occupying at 
the rate of six men to each 100 acres, with boys in addition at the rate 
of two men more : excellent crops are thus produced, the wheat ave- 
raging upwards of 4 quarters, the beans upwards of 5 quarters, the 
barley 6 quarters, and the oats 7 to 8 quarters per acre. The produce 
of the clover in seed also forms an important item in the returns, and 
gives a vast deal of employment in the winter-months ; it is about 4 
bushels of red and 6 bushels of white clover per acre. The neat stock 
consists of cows, which are used for dairy purposes, are fed upon grass in 
summer and oil-cake in winter, which is given in the cow-stalls three 
times in the day ; those not in milk eat the blades of turnips occasionally, 
but the turnips are principally expended with the sheep. 
The horses are of the light Suffolk breed, and fed in the summer upon 
grass, clover, and tares, and in the winter upon cut chaff or hay, and 
oats at the rate of 2 bushels to each horse throughout the whole year, 
with 2 trusses or 1 cwt. of hay each in the winter. 
A considerable quantity of artificial manure is also used. Guano is 
most approved. Ground bones are also used, as well as rape-cake, and 
the kiln-dust from the malt-kilns, which is drilled between the barley. 
A system prevails upon this farm, as well as upon other portions of the 
county, of applying the white chalk clay as a fertilizer to the surface : 
this is dug from pits, and upon fresh ploughed land has a very bene- 
ficial effect, acting as the chalk does upon the strong clay-lands, and 
tending towards the production of excellent crops, especially of wheat 
and barley. 
II. — On the Jersey, misnamed Alderneij, Cow. By Colonel 
Le Couteur, of Belle Vue, in the Island of Jersey. 
The breed of cattle, familiarly known throughout Great Britain 
as the Alderney, and correctly termed in the article Cattle, of the 
'Library of Useful Knowledge,' "the crumpled horned," was 
originally Norman, it is conceived, as cows very similar to them 
in form and colour are to be seen in various parts of Normandy, 
and Britany also ; but the difference in their milking and 
creaming qualities is really astonishing, the Jersey cow pro- 
ducing nearly double the quantity of butter. 
The race is miscalled " Alderney," as far as Jersey is in 
question; for about seventy years since Mr. Dumaresq of St. 
Peter's, afterwards the chief magistrate, sent some of the best 
Jersey cows to his father-in-law, the then proprietor of Alderney; 
so that the Jersey was already at that period an improved, and 
superior to the Alderney, race. It has since been vastly amended 
in form, and generally so in various qualities, though the best of 
