On Building of Cottages for Farm-Labourers. 243 
a grate with an oven on one side, anil a pot on the other. They 
have also eave gutters of cast-iron, with pipes to carry the rain- 
water into barrels, one of which serves three houses, 't'his is a 
desirable appendage to all buildings, but especially so to cottages; 
for while it gives a supply of soft water for washing clothes at the 
very door, it saves the wood- work of the doors and windows from 
the injury sustained by the rain from the roof being driven against 
them in high winds, and the walls from taking in wet at the foun- 
dations fi'om the constant dropping against them from the eaves. 
The cost of each (exclusive of bringing the materials to the spot, 
which was done by the tenants) was 61/. i5.y. 4.d. As these 
houses stand in rows of six together, and two end or outside gables 
serve the six, ihey cost less than if only two or three were built 
together. And if some of smaller size are desired for the use of 
single persons or couples without children, each end house can 
easilv be made into two, one below and the other above, bv adding: 
an outside stair and door, and doing away with the inside commu- 
nication. 
A house of one story, affording the same accommodation as 
those described, would cost, on account of the extra quantity of 
roof and wall, 86/, 13*. (see note), making a saving of 24/. 175. 8c/., 
and giving at the same time the superior dryness and retirement of 
a sleeping room or rooms, for the upstairs apartment is large 
enough to allow of being dividetl if desu'ed. 
The cottagers' cow-houses aud piggeries are conveniently placed 
in a yard at a little distance behind the dwelling-houses; the 
former hold six cows each, and the latter are single. 
I am aware that in some publications on the subject an objection 
has been stated to building cottages in rows, and it has been re- 
commended that they should stand singly, or at most only in pairs, 
in order that they may be sufficiently accessible to sun and air. 
I confess I do not enter into this view of the subject, although I 
entirely agree in deprecating the mode which has in some places 
been adopted of building cottages in squares with all the doors on 
the inside, thus having a show of cleanliness outwardly, but making 
the interior a receptacle of everything that is filthy and unwhole- 
some ; besides which, houses so situated are necessarily of a gloomy 
appearance, and want all the cheerfulness and variety which an 
open prospect affords. In the case of large farms or collieries, 
where a great number of cottages are required, the expense of 
building them singly or in pairs, occasioned by the extra quantity 
of outside walling, and of the approaches with their fences to 
each, the extent of ground over whith they must be squandered, 
and the inconvenient distance at which some of them would be 
placed, are sufficient to condemn the plaiij unless founded on 
proved and absolute necessity; a necessity which will hardly be 
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