558 
Makinr/ and burning Draining Tiles. 
down the pities we should look to those counties where draining 
was invented, and has been practised most largely. I mean our 
eastern counties — Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Herts, &c. For, as 
Mr. Copinger Hill* informs us, "On the heavy lands of Suffolk 
and the adjoining counties under-draining at a distance of 16^ 
feet and a depth of 26 or 30 inches is as much a matter of routine 
as hedging and ditching." Now the usual shape of drains there 
is extremely narrow at bottom, tapering down from a width of 4 
to that of 2 inches, as shown in the drawing given by him, and 
here repeated. 
It so happens that this old and approved 
shape from the birth-place of thorough- 
draining is precisely adapted to our most 
modern improvement, the small pipe. The 
Essex tools which have been for some time 
employed by my workmen, were found by 
them last winter equally adapted, at least in 
very strong clay, for pipe as for thorn- drain- 
ing. They are the old-fashioned narrow 
spade and the scoop. Willi this narrow 
spade three cuts are made, two on the sides 
of the cut, and one across ; but in clays per- 
fectly free from stones, I believe that the 
bitting tool mentioned by Mr. Arkell in his 
Prize Essay on Drainage is even belter. I 
will only add that if Mr. Hodges's tem- 
porary kilns and sheds should enable the 
farmer to make inch-tiles at 4*. 9(/. per 
1000, the estimates for draining an acre 
must be further reduced as follows : on 
clay-lands without stones — 
Narrow Spade. 
Scoop. 
* Society's Journal. Vol. iv. p. 26. 
