The Manufacture of Artificial Butter in the Netherlands. 437 
butter passes, and is then delivered on to a long table on rollers, 
which carries it to the packers. 
Use of real Butter. — The object of using the butter is said to 
be to give a grain to the imitated article ; but 1 was curious 
to learn why the Kampen butter should be so strongly preferred 
by all the makers of artificial butter with whom I came in 
contact. A visit to the district of Kampen was sufficient to 
prove conclusively that the butter was made expressly for the 
manufacturers of the artificial article. Every farmer assumed 
that I was one of that numerous tribe ; and in pointing out the 
excellencies of the staple product of their dairy they gave me 
the clue to the object of my inquiry. Butter made from sweet 
cream would be too delicate in flavour and in grain for the 
purpose of the maker of artificial butter, but an article produced 
by churning an unskimmed mixture of sour milk and cream has 
a sufficient strength of flavour and texture to enable a compara- 
tively small quantity to go a very long way, and, in fact, to be 
very much improved to the palate by dilution with the compara- 
tively tasteless oleomargarine. Certainly, the artificial butter 
at Messrs. Jurgens' warehouse, then being invoiced to London 
at 70s. per cwt., was a much better article to the taste than the 
Kampen butter used in its manufacture for which 100s. per cwt. 
had been given. 
The artificial butter having been made as I have described, it 
is cooled by water reduced to a temperature of about 34° Fahr. 
by means of a Giffard's refrigerating machine on the compressed- 
air principle. The engine driving this machine has a power of 
65 horses, and costs for coal and the wages of two engineers 
21. 10s. per day, which at the time I reckoned to be about Id. for 
10 gallons of water reduced to the above-named temperature. 
Other Factories. — The factory just noticed is devoted entirely 
to the production of artificial butter, but the large majority of 
the establishments known as " Kunstboterfabriek " are modified 
cotton factories, linen factories, paper-mills, and, in fact, 
buildings which were erected and furnished for almost any 
kind of manufacture, but which, during the recent depression 
of trade, would have been condemned to partial or complete 
inactivity had not their owners hit upon the expedient of 
devoting surplus steam, surplus labour, and unemployed capital 
to the business of making artificial butter. A partner in such a 
factory at Helmond told me that their proper business was the 
making of cotton goods ; but that of late years they had been 
compelled to restrict their output for want of a remunerative 
market, and as a substitute had made a very fair trade in 
artificial butter on the London market. They import their 
oleomargarine from America, and they purchase their milk from 
