0?i the Reclamation of Peat-Land in the Netherlands. 445 
April, and are transplanted in June, because he cannot get his 
land clean under the English system. The crops are grown on 
the flat, and seldom exceed eight tons per acre lor swedes, which 
he prefers to mangolds, as being drier, although the crop of the 
latter root is much larger. Mangolds are used for cows up to 
January, but they are found to lose their sugar if kept longer. 
Cattle. — One hundred cows and fifty young cattle are kept. 
Calves not wanted are sold to small farmers in the neighbourhood. 
They never suck, but are given milk in buckets for three weeks, 
then skim-milk by degrees, the milk being always warmed. 
The cows are turned out on the pastures the end of April or 
beginning of May, and kept there until the end of October or 
beginning of November, after which time Mr. Nering Bogel 
considers that the grass is injurious. During the hot weather 
they go into the stables in the middle of the day, and get cut 
green clover. In winter the cows are fed upon a mixture of 
chopped hay and straw, with 10 lbs. per head of maize and 4 lbs. 
of linseed, both crushed and cooked. This mixture is given in 
two feeds, and in the interval they get long hay or straw ad 
libitum. The cows are milked morning and evening, and are 
said to give an average of over 3 gallons (14 litres) of milk 
per head per day over the whole year. Formerly the milk not 
required for home purposes was sold to a butterine factory at 
7 cents per litre, and the account amounted to 25,000 guilders 
per annum. This alone, on an average of 100 cows, shows a 
sale of 700 gallons of milk per head. Now, the milk is retained 
on the farm, and used for the manufacture of artificial butter at 
home, and this is found to pay better than selling it, or making 
it into real butter. The details of this part of Mr. Nering Bogel's 
operations have been described (p. 439) under the head of " Arti- 
ficial Butter." At present there are four homesteads, but four 
more are about to be erected, so that the cattle may be more 
divided and much cartage of manure may be saved. 
Sheep. — Six hundred sheep are fattened annually. They are 
bought in Germany as stores in May, and sold fat in November. 
As a rule they double their weight in the six months, and as the 
price per kilo for fat sheep is usually higher than for lean, they 
generally pay very well, being kept entirely on the grass, without 
artificial food. In 1879, however, the lean sheep in May cost more 
money than they fetched in November. 
Horses. — Twenty-five horses and twelve working bullocks are 
kept to do the work of the farm and that connected with the 
reclamations, which are constantly going on. Mr. Nering 
Bogel considers that bullocks are more economical than horses, 
as he contends that the former are stronger and grow into money, 
while the latter are weaker and depreciate in value. The horses 
