164 
46. COMPOSITE. 
minating in hooked points. Receptacle flat, with rigid 
subulate scales. Fr. compressed, oblong. Pappus short, 
pilose, distinct. 
30. Onopordum. Receptacle honey-combed. Fr. 4-ribbed. 
Pappus rough. Otherwise like Carduus. 
31. Carduus. Involucre imbricated with simple spinous 
pointed scales. Receptacle with fimbriated scales. Fr. com- 
pressed, oblong, with a somewhat fleshy terminal areola. 
Pappus long, pilose or plumose, united into a ring at the base 
and deciduous . — Includes Cnicus Linn, and Cirsium DC. 
**** Pappus in many rows. Filaments monadelphous. 
32. SiLYBUM. Involucre imbricated : scales leaflike at the base, 
narrowed into a long spreading sj)inous point. Receptacle 
scaly. Fr. compressed, its terminal areola surrounded by a 
papillose ring. Pappus pilose, united into a ring at the base, 
deciduous. 
***** Pappus in many rows of different lengths : inner row 
longest, surrounded by a margin. 
33. Serratula. Heads dioecious by abortion. Involucre 
imbricated with sharj) unarmed scales. Scales of the recep- 
tacle sjdit longitudinally into linear bristles. Fr. compressed, 
not beaked, basal areola oblique. Pappus persistent. 
Suborder III. CICIIORACE.L. 
Florets all ligulate and perfect. 
* Receptacles without scales. Pappus 0. 
34. Lapsana. Heads 8 — 12-flowered. Involucre with 1 row 
of erect scales and 4 — 5 short bracts at the base. Fr. com- 
pressed, striated, deciduous, not enveloped in the scales of 
the involucre. 
** Receptacle without scales. Pappus like a crown or of many 
entire broad scales. 
35. Arnoseris. Heads many-flow'ered. Involucre of 1 row 
of about 12 keeled linear-lanceolate at length converging 
scales and a few small bracts at the base. Fr. angular 
crowned vrttb a short elevated entire margin. 
36. CiCHORiUM. Heads many-flowered. Involucre in 2 rows; 
outer of about 5 lax shortish scales ; inner of 8 — 10 longer 
