182 
46. coMPOSiT.^;. 
pinnatifid roughish, segments lobed vvitli callous points. — E. B. 
66. — St. 2 — 3 feet high, rough, furrowed. L. liis))id, lobes of 
the upper ones entire. Heads on long naked stalks, solitary. 
Involucres usually rather woolly ; scales ])ale, blunt, with dark 
acute mcnihranous ])cctinatcd deeiirrent appendages, teeth pale. 
Florets purple, outer row radiant or 0. — Fields and hedges. P. 
VII. — IX. Great Knapweed. 
*** Involucral scales horny at the end with palmate or 
pinnate spines. 
* 6. C. solstitialis (L.) ; involucral scales woolly palmately spi- 
nous, central spine of the intermediate scales very long needle- 
sha])ed, inner ones with a roundish scarious a])pendage, heads 
terminal solitary, st. winged with the decurrent bases of the 
linear-lanceolate entire hoary leaves, root 1. lyrate. — E. B. 243. 
— St. 1 — 2 feet high, branched, spreading. Involucres some- 
times glabrous. Florets yellow. — Cultivated laud, probably in- 
troduced. A. VII. — IX. Yellow Star-thistle. E. 
7. C. Calcitrapa (h.) ; inv. -scales glabrous ])a\ma.tely spinous, 
central spine strong channeled, innermost scales with a scarious 
obtuse appendage, heads lateral sessile solitary, paj)j)us obsolete, 
1. Aeopiy pinnatifid, lobes of the root 1. lanceolate toothed, of the 
stem 1. linear. — E. B. 125. — St. furrowed, slightly hairy, branched, 
spreading, aboiit a foot high. FI. purplish. — Gravelly and sandy 
places. A. VII. VIII. Common Star-thistle. E. 
8. C. Isnardi ( L. ) ; inv. -scales palmately spinous, spines nearly 
equal 3 — 5, innermost scales with a scarious obtuse lanceolate or 
slightly spathulate appendage, heads terminal solitary, pappus of 
all the fr. in several rows, 1. linear coarsely toothed narrowed 
below sessile rough, lower ones (and those of the primary stem?) 
broader inciso-dentate with clasping auricles. — E. B. 2256. — St. 
procumbent, with long slender simple leafy branches each termi- 
nated by a solitary bead. L. mostly linear, slightly toothed or 
entire. — FI. purple. — Distinguished from C. aspera only by its 
simple upper leaves. — Guernsey. P. VII. VIII. O. 
Sections. CARDUINE^. Heads many-flowered, florets all 
tubular. Involucre in many rows of distinct spinous scales. Fila- 
ments distinct. Papj)us in many rows, not surrounded by a 
j)rominent margin. 
29. Arctium Linn. 
1. A. wi(yi(s (Schkuhr) ; heads suheorymbose, invoincres nearly 
glabrous with the inner scales subulate gradually attenuated into 
amiicronate point longer than the florets. — A. Lappa Sm. — St. 
much branched, 3 — 4 feet high, leafy. L. cordate ovate, the 
lowermost very large. Involucral scales all yellowish-green ; a 
