atld its adaptability to Emjlish Dairy Districts. 
199 
It is believed — and we speak advisedly — that the old method of cheese- 
making has done more to injure the licalth of women in cheese-dairying 
districts than any other cause. Much of the work about the dairies ought to 
be performed by men ; but too often the manufacturing and most of the care 
of cheese are left wholly to females, overtasking their strength by hard and 
exhaustive labour, thereby laying the foundation of weakness and disease. 
"As the same process has to be gone through with in manufacturing cheese, 
whether the quantity of milk be large or small, and as nearly the same time 
also is occu[)ied, it will be seen that what requires the labour of a great many 
persons to do, when cheese-makiiri is divided up in families, can be accom- 
plished with but few persons on the factory-system — some five or six. being 
sutlicient to do all the work about an establishment manufacturing tlie milk 
of a thousand or more cows. 
The objections which have been made by American dairymen 
to the factory-system are summed up by Mr. VVillard, as follows 
{loc. cit., p. 440) : — 
" The objections urged against cheese factories are — difficulty of detecting 
adulterated milk ; the carrying of milk to the factory, and liability of sour 
milk, difference in quaHty of milk, arising from the manner in which cows are 
fed and managed ; the loss of whey,* and the necessity of manufacturing the 
early and late cheese in the family. These are the principal objections urged 
by dairymen. As the milk is measured ac the factory and each credited with 
the amount daily furnished, it is evident that, when there is a considerable 
quantity, a dishonest person could add water, and thus increase the number of 
gallons. Such cases have occurred, and the individuals cheating have been 
summarily expelled from the association. We know of no instrument or 
mechanical device that will detect, with perfect reliability, watered milk, and 
therefore a watchfulness on the part of the superintendent, and the exclusion 
from the association of persons of doubtful honesty, are the only means of 
meeting the difficulty .f 
" Some object to tlie labour and trouble of carrying milk to the factory, and 
the necessity of keeping regular hours for its delivery under all ciicumstances 
of weather, &c., since no delay can be made at the factory for the milk of a 
single dairy without hazarding the acidity of a large quantity — at least that 
contained in one vat — besides deranging in some degree the regular factory- 
work. Others contend that, having the milk, the cheese can be made by the 
family with but little more trouble and labour than that of carting the milk, 
while one's own time and convenience can be studied at pleasure, and the 
cheese be at all times under immediate control. 
• This is no longer an objection, as will have been seen by Mr. Willard's letter. 
t The following is the text of the State of New York Act relating to diluted 
milk: — " Whoever shall knowingly sell, supply, or bring to be manufaclured to 
any cheese manufactory in this State, any milk diluted with water, or in any way 
adulterated, or milk from which any cream has been taken, or milk commonly 
known as skimmed milk ; or whoever shall knowingly keep back any part of the 
milk known as ' strippiugs ; ' or whoever shall knowingly bring or supply milk to 
any cheese manufactory that is tainted or partly sour from want of proper care in 
keeping pails, strainers, or any vessel in which said milk is kept, clean and sweet, 
after being notified of such taint or carelessness ; or any cheese manufacturer who 
shall knowingly use, or direct any of his employe's to use, for his or their individual 
benefit, any cream from the nulk brought lo said cheese manufacturer, without 
the consent of all the owners thereof, shall, for each and every offence, forfeit and 
pay a sum not less than twenty-five dollars, nor more than one hundred dollars, 
with costs of suit, to be sued for in any court of competent jurisdiction, for the 
benefit of the person or persons, firm, or associatiou or corporation, or their 
assigns, upon whom such fraud be committed." 
