230 
Village Sanitary Economy. 
II. Tlie Raising of Spring or Subterranean Water lying beneath 
or near a Village. — Having already spoken of procuring spring 
or subterranean water by means of private wells, within the 
limits of each occupation in the village, it will be anticipated 
that the supply now proposed, though of a public character, 
will be derived from the same source, the only difference being 
that while the number of private wells will be numerous, the 
number of publijc wells will in most cases be limited to one, 
and that the pumping will be effected by a power sufficient to 
secure a constant supply to all the residents in the village at 
a height reaching, if possible, to the upper floor of every 
dwelling. The capability of thus publicly supplying a village 
from a spring or subterranean water level extends over a large 
part of the country. A great number of villages on the new 
and old red sandstone formations, on the greensand and lower 
outcrops of the chalk, as well as those on considerable beds of 
the post-tertiary drifts, may so obtain an inexhaustible supply. 
The depth from which the water will have to be raised may 
vary very considerably in different formations, but there is no 
limit to the height to which it may be raised if the motive 
power is appropriately selected. Three kinds of power present 
themselves for application, viz., horse, wind, and steam-power. 
Of these it is only intended to dwell upon wind as the most 
appropriate, if it be supplemented by horse-power when the 
force of the wind is not sufficiently great to drive the machinery. 
Horse or steam power are each too expensive for general appli- 
cation, except in special instances in the north-western districts, 
where coal is cheap, when the latter may perhaps be advanta- 
geously resorted to. The recent improvement in wind engines 
for general agricultural purposes, as well as for drainage and 
irrigation, has gone far to bring back general attention to wind 
as a source of power, and considerable ingenuity is now being 
applied to its adaptation. 
There is much to be said in favour of the primitive system of 
lifting water by a chain of buckets or pots known as the noria, 
or sakia, which, it Avill be remembered, was applied to Josephs 
well at Cairo. Though, perhaps, the very earliest method in- 
vented by man for lifting water from deep wells, it has still much 
to recommend it, if iron buckets and chains be used instead of 
earthenware pots and rope. Its advantages are simplicity of con- 
struction, and the readiness with which repairs can be made in 
the apparatus by any village blacksmith ; there are no trouble- 
some valves, and it is capable of working at irregular intervals. 
On the other hand, the quantity of water it raises is not great, 
and the level of the upper wheel, over which the chain hangs, 
is the limit or top of the lift. This wheel, however, can be so 
