238 
Village Sanitary Economy. 
gallons daily to a height of 100 feet and a distance of one mile 
Avith a flow of 90 gallons per minute. As all the foregoing 
rules assume the machinery to be perfect, an allowance ought 
to be made in small machines and longer rises for the inevitable 
loss by leakage, &c. Indeed, in smaller works it is desirable 
to have the machinery from 1^ to 2 times as powerful as that 
Avhich seems to be requisite. 
The cost of the several machines, appropriately applied, with 
rising-main and supply-pipe, may be approximately estimated as 
under : — 
Hydraulic-ram, working with a fall of 8 feet, and capable of 
raising daily to a height of 40 feet, and a distance of half 
a mile, 4000 gallons of the same water by which it is moved, 
with snpply-pipe down village street, half-a-mile long, ex- 
clusive of connections with the dwellings, &c £360 0 0 
Tzir&t/ie, working with a fall of 20 feet, and capable of raising 
daily 10,000 gallons of water (taken from the stream and filtered 
in' its passage from thence to the piunii-well) to a height of 
100 feet, with piimjis and rising-main for forcing the supply a 
distance of a mile, including supplj'-pipe down village street 
half a mile long, but excluding the connections with dwellings £650 0 0 
Water-wJiecI, capable of doing the same work as turbine, but 
working with a fall of 3 feet only instead of 20, with pumps, 
rising-main, &c., exclusive of house connections £750 0 0 
IV. The Use of Steam-poiver in the Place of other Motors. — 
Where none of the foregoing plans are available, the steam- 
engine forms the last and a never-failing resource. The kind of 
pump most suitable Avould be the double-acting lift and force- 
pump, or possibly three ram-pumps forcing Avater into one 
ascending main. To form a comparison between this description 
of power and that of wind or water, it will suffice to state that the 
first cost of a steam-engine to raise the same quantity, height, and 
distance as was assumed in the case of the turbine and wheel, 
would be 725/. ; but with steam-engines the annual cost of fuel, 
stores, wear and tear of the machinery, and attendance, would 
amount to a considerable sum ; while with rams, turbines, and 
water-wheels, worked by a constant flow of water, the annual out- 
goings are only nominal. 
In the foregoing observations on village water-supply all 
reference to methods of a doubtful character has been avoided. 
Norton's Abyssinian pumps, for raising water out of shallow 
water-bearing beds, have been found extremely valuable in 
certain localities where geological conditions have favoured their 
use ; and no doubt there are instances where they would be 
available in villages. The happy contrivance, too, of fog-ponds,* 
* The reader is referred to the second volume of the Society's ' Journal ' (Second 
Series), p. 273, and to White's 'Selborne,' Letter 71, p. 256, for very interesting 
