On Measure Work. 
135 
all probability keep a correct one ; but as the same number of 
heaps of clay are made of each load, it will be an easy matter for 
the farmer to number the heaps, and thus check any dishonest 
practices. About 2<f. the cubic yard or load is paid for filling clay ; 
if many stones are picked out, the men receive Is. for each load. 
The time of filling is about 8 hours in summer and 7 in winter, 
ihe remainder of the dav being employed in getting down clay 
for filling the next day. A man will on an average fill 10 loads 
of clay besides stones ; as an instance it took 45 days for one man 
to fill 463 loads of clay, besides 13 loads of stones; or rather 
over 10 loads a day. The clay at '2d. and stones at Is. will 
amount to 4Z. 10s., or about 2s. a day, which mav be ccmsidered 
fair earnings. Clay laid in a large heap after being drawn from 
the pit is perhaps a slower operation than when first raised, for I 
find men only fill 10 yards each a day. A bargain is sometimes 
made for filling and spreading clay at from 'I^d. to cd. a load. 
Barrowing by manual labour must not be omitted in this account 
of measure work, for earth may be moved in this manner, for a 
short distance, cheaper than it can be moved by the aid of horses ; 
and even for claying or chalking small fields of 5 or () acres, bar- 
rowing would be perhaps cheaper than carting. It has been cal- 
culated that in sandy ground three men will be required to remove 
30 cubic yards in a day to a distance of 20 yards, two filling and 
one wheeling ; but to remove the same quantity in a day to any 
greater distance, an additional man will be required for every 20 
yards of wheeling. The following is a system of barrowing by 
manual labour sometimes adopted in those places where chalk 
lies at a considerable depth below the surface : — A shaft is dug 
down to the chalk ; when this is deep enough, the chalk is dug, 
and pulled up by a rope and windlass at the top ; it is then bar- 
rowed on the land. The price for barrowing on a piece of land 
of about 4 acres round about the shaft is 6(/. a load of 22^ 
bushels. This includes both raising and barrowing. 
2. Filling Farm-yard Dung. — This is done at the rate of 2s. 
a score loads of about H cubic yards each; spreading will be 
about \s. %d. or 2^. for the same quantity. 
3. Turning over Manure Heaps. — When the heap consists en- 
tirely of farm-yard manure, the labour of turning over is more 
quickly performed than when the heap is partly composed of 
heavy soil. There are also two ways of performing this operation, 
by one of which the work is got over faster than by the other, 
though the slowest way is greatly to be preferred if the farmer's 
object is to mix the different substances of which the manure- 
heap is composed. One of the practices is the mere reversing 
.the manure by trenching it over ; while in the other the labourer 
begins at the side, and ^icks down the manure from top to bottom 
