On Breaking up Grass Lands. 
167 
£. 
s. 
d. 
Brouglit fbrwdrd • • 
1 n 
2 
0 
Produce of seed crop, mown, IJ ton, and aftermatli 
3 
0 
0 
I 
15 
0 
„ wheat crop, 25 bushels, at 6i. (id, • • 
8 
2 
Q 
2 
0 
5) 24 
2 
0 
Average value of produce per acre .... 
. 4 
16 
4 
Average expenditure per acre, deduct 
. 4 
7 
10 
Surplus profit ))er acre, if broken up . . . . 
. 0 
8 
6 
Advantage to the tenant by breaking up an acre, 8s. 6c?. ; to 
the landlord, 5s. per acre in increased rent ; to the labourer, in 
the increase of manual labour, at least four times the labour 
required when in pasture ; and, to the country in food, more than 
double the quantity in the shape of beef, mutton, and corn. 
A crop of vetches may be grown in addition to the turnips, 
after the wheat very frequently, and consumed by sheep, and 
turnips sown afterwards ; but their value is included in that of 
the turnips. 
Cold Pastures. 
The first step, on lands of a cold nature, is of course to have 
them thoroughly drained. Their cold state generally arises from 
a clayey impervious subsoil, and it would be of little use to convert 
them into arable without draining, which for two or three reasons 
would be best done before breaking up. The drains are more 
easily cut, and the carting more easily performed, and with less 
injury to the land. What is meant by cold pastures I consider to 
be pastures with a very thin coat of surface-soil, mixed and 
darkened with vegetable matter, on a tenacious clay subsoil. In 
my observations on such lands I shall consider that draining 
either has been or is about to be executed ; and in my calculations 
shall charge interest for doing it, and I shall further consider 
that it has been performed by the landowner, who has a per- 
manent interest in the soil. It sometimes happens that the land- 
owner performs draining to encourage the tenant to farm better, 
and charges nothing, or even makes the tenant a present of the 
expense, instead of lowering the rent. Such a step is commend- 
able, because it stimulates to exertion, and has far more practical 
effect than a return in cash. It cannot lead to carelessness, and 
shuts out the notion that too often tempts to extravagance, which 
is engendered by the adage, " Come lightly, go lightly.'' The 
tenant having no such permanent interest in the land which he 
rents, cannot expend his money on the soil of others unless it be 
returned to him, with interest, by a certain time. He would 
