174 
On Breaking up Grass Lands. 
farming is to be preserved, and be made to keep pace with the 
improvements that are making rapid strides in the cultivation of 
arable land. A much less quantity of land must be made to 
supply the same quantity of dairy produce. The remainder must 
be converted into tillage, and after bemg drained where required, 
will produce an abundance of corn, turnips, swedes, and green 
crops of all kinds, which are equivalents for beef, bread, and 
mutton. To appropriate one-fourth of the poorest of our dairy- 
land upon secondary kinds of soil for the purpose of growing corn 
and roots, to produce bread, beef, and muiton, and still obtain the 
same dairy produce from the remaining three-fourths, may appear 
chimerical, but it is the firm belief of very many practical men 
who stand high in the agricultural world, that we are destined to 
effect much more than this. I shall now endeavour to calculate 
the expenses, produce, and profit on an acre of cold pasture land. 
Estimate 3. 
Stiff clay pasture, not drained, with a thin covering of mould 
on the clay subsoil of not more than 4 or 5 inches, and worth 18a'. 
per acre to rent. This land would require to be well drained 
before being broken up. Some such land as this will scarcely 
produce hay, and is often pastured by young stock, «Scc. Pro- 
bably it will be most convenient, if not the most proper, to con- 
sider that its produce, although grazed, would be equivalent to 
about 15 cwt. of inferior hay. 
£. s. a. 
We should then have 15 cwt. of hay, at 40». per ton . . . 110 0 
Aftermath 076 
1 17 6 
£. ». d. 
Deduct rent, tithe rent-charge, rates, &c. . . . 12 6 
Labour per acre, lepairiii}; fences, attending stock . 0 5 0 
[Nothing included for mowing and haymaking, Jis it 
is doubtful whether it could be mown.] 
Profit on capital, 15 per cent, on 3/. . . . 0 9 0 
1 16 6 
Surplus profit, over 15 per cent., on poor cold pasture . . 0 10 
No. 3. — Poor cold clay pasture broken up, drained, and rent altered to 21s. per acre; 
6 or 4 field system. 
£. s. d. 
1. Expense of turnip and green crop . . . . . 5 0 0 
[The first crop, witii the expense of breaking up, would not amount 
to this; but afterwards it would reach this amount, or more, 
on account of manure.^ 
2. Expenses of oat crop (too stifl for barley probably) . . . 2 3 0 
3. „ clover crop . . . . . . . 0 12 0 
4. „ wheat crop 2 IS 0 
5. „ bean crop (manured after) . . . . 3 0 0 
6. „ wheat crop . . . . ' . . . 2 18 0 
Carried forward . . 5) 16 11 0 
