On Breaking up Grass Lands. 
175 
£. s. d. 
Brought forward . . 5}16110 
Average expense of labour and cultivation, per acre . . 2 15 2 
£. s. d. 
Rent, tithe rent-charge, rates, &c. . • . . 17 6 
5 per cent, on 4/. per acre for draining, to be charged as 
additional rent . . . . ■ . .040 
[Being a single piece, on a farm witli sufficient build- 
ings, no charge made for erecting more.] 
Interest on expenses of breaking up, and for return of 
capital during the course . . . . . 0 5 0 
Profit on capital, 15 per cent, on 7/. . . . . 110 
2 17 6 
Average expenditure on an acre 
5 12 8 
Produce of turnip and other green crops, equivalent to 12 tons, at 
3«. 6rf 2 2 0 
Produce of oat crop, 40 bushels, at 2s. 6rf, . . . . 5 0 0 
„ clover crop, 1 ton (aftermath) . . . . 2 10 0 
„ wheat crop, 26 bushels at 6«. 6c/. . . . . 8 9 0 
„ bean crop, 32 bushels at 4s. 6rf. . . . . 7 4 0 
„ wheat crop, 24 bushels at 6s. 6rf 7 16 0 
Straw of oat crop, wheat crop, bean crop, wheat crop . . . 2 6 0 
Average value of produce per acre 
Deduct average expenditure per acre . 
Surplus profit, over 15 per cent., in poor pasture 
6) 35 7 0 
5 17 10 
5 12 8 
0 5 2 
Advantage to the tenant, in breaking up an acre, of As. 2rf. ; to 
the landowner, an increase of 4s. per acre in rent, exclusive of 4s. 
interest on the expense of draining ; to the labourer, in the in- 
crease of manual labour, at least eight times the expenditure per 
acre more than that when in poor pasture, not mown ; and to the 
country, in food, of nearly three times the amount. 
It has been customary for persons to argue that the expenses 
of cultivation are nearly the same on all lands, but this is a mis- 
take. On heavy clay soils it will be difficult to plough with two 
horses, and a man and his team will not plough so much by nearly 
a third part in a day ; and all the operations of harrowing, 
dragging, rolling, &c., will be less per day in about the same 
proportion ; and, generally speaking, such lands will require at 
least one if not two ploughings more for the turnip crop. Even 
if the fork and spade were used on both kinds of soil, after being 
once ploughed, the expense would be much greater on the heavy 
soils thar on the light ones. The farmer can at all times get on 
to light lands, if ever so wet, without injury, but on heavy clay 
soils he cannot without doing mischief, if the lands be ever so 
well-drained. This may be said to be an inconvenience only. 
Let it be so considered, and still there will be a greater expense 
