176 
Oh Breaking up Grass Lands. 
in carting off the crops from such land, especially the turnip crop 
in winter. On the light soils, also, it will not be necessary to 
haul half the quantity of manure as on the strong land, for the 
turnip crop. Bones are extensively used on light soils, and a 
single waggon will take as much to the field as will manure some 
acres ; but on stiff land, not less than twenty journeys of a similar 
kind will be necessary with farm-yard dung. There are minor 
matters which are required on stiff soils, such as water furrowing, 
&c., which, in spite of draining, will still be requisite ; and on 
slippery roads, cut deep into the mire, there is time lost in going 
to and from the fields ; and if the roads are stoned, there is a 
trifling expense in maintaining them, whilst on a dry soil nothing 
is done to the roads, and probably scarcely ever required ; and 
also for such purposes materials have to be carted some distance, 
but on sound dry light land, generally speaking, there is stone 
within a few inches of the surface. Roads are not so good nor 
so easily kept good on clay soils as on light land. The fences 
are not in so good order, and are more expensive to maintain. 
Roads, for the purposes of pasture land, would not be required 
to be used anything like so much as for arable, and might be left 
unstoned ; but for arable they would require to be stoned. In 
the case of conversion from pasture to arable, the greater use and 
expense of maintaining roads, amongst other thmgs, must there- 
fore be taken into account, and be set down as some deductions 
from the advantages produced by breaking up. 
Grazing Ground. 
It must not be supposed, because, from calculations fairlv 
made, we show a profit on breaking up a piece of land, that on 
the faith of such, were it even a certainty, we should advocate 
breaking up all lands without any distinction, and that all pasture 
land should henceforth disappear. It would not be desirable to 
carry this into effect if we wished it. Situation, climate, distance 
from towns, proportion of arable already in cultivation to the 
pasture, whether to be occupied with or without other lands, and 
whether of a good or poor thin soil — such and many other con- 
siderations must claim a due share of attention, and cannot be 
passed over as unworthy of notice. Good water-meadows pro- 
duce three crops per annum : two to be mown and one fed, or 
two to be fed and one mown, as circumstances may require ; and 
this is done without any manure, except the droppings of sheep 
and cattle. The hay crop of a water-meadow, in a year, will 
produce nearly as much manure as the straw would, if such were 
arable, and of a better quality ; and on the average of a four 
years' course will require as much labour to be expended <m it as 
if it were arable. From this we may easily perceive that water- 
