On Breaking/ up Grass Lands. 
191 
good loams of a sandy character, in addition to those mentioned, 
carrots, peas, rye, and buckwheat; and, on peaty soils, rape. 
It will answer the farmer's purpose to vary these green crops as 
much as possible, and not repeat the same kind on land that 
during the previous fallow had been planted with it. 
In breaking up old sward land there are ahnost always more 
ashes than are required for the turnip crop. The surplus is 
taken away to other parts of the farm and drilled with turnips 
and bones, leaving the farm-yard dung in greater abundance for 
the swedes. Newly broken up land may thus be rendered a 
source of improvement on the remainder of the farm. The ashes 
thus appropriated will cause a better crop of turnips to be grown 
on the other land for that season, which, when eaten off, will 
retain the sheep longer on the land, and create more manure, 
and ensure a better and more regular consolidation. This con- 
solidation, as w ell as the increased turnip crop, is of great conse- 
quence on light loams, the effects being apparent through the 
entire course. More corn is the result, and of course more farm- 
yard manure. And when such land comes in turn for turnips 
again, it receives a better and heavier dose of this, the best and 
most useful manure. 
With the modern good management, and plenty of green crops, 
to break up a piece of sward land is of considerable benefit to the 
whole of the farm. It enables the tenant to commence the 
improvement of his land in the most simple and economical 
manner. 
It will not be desirable to attempt to make thin soils deeper by 
ploughing up the hungry rubble or poisonous clay from beneath 
all at once. If done at all, it should be done gradually, and each 
successive attempt be made before winter, to give the land a 
chance of becoming tempered by the frost and reduced by atmos- 
pheric influences. In spite of what is said in favour of deep 
ploughing in the north, it will not answer on all soils, and even 
on those that would in the end be improved by being deepened^ 
it would not be advisable to do it all in one season. 
On the choice of Land to be broken up. 
Our prescribed limits will not admit of this portion of the 
subject being treated at length, I shall therefore only insert a few 
summary observations. Probably they may not be the less useful 
for assuming this condensed appearance. 
Lands that maij be broken up. 
Chalk downs of good depth of soil. 
Chalk downs of the depth of 5 or 6 inches on forms where there is a great portion of 
down land, but care must be taken not to harass the land with too many corn 
crops. 
