192 
On Breaking up Grass Lands. 
Lands of light, dry, sandy, gravelly, rubbly nature, on a rocky or porous subsoil, witli 
a southern aspect and gentle inclination. 
Large tracts of rough pasture, now of no great value, which are used for rearing young 
stock, especially that with a clay subsoil or gravel on a subsoil of clay, which is 
kept cold and moist through want of draining. 
All cold pastures, witii a subsoil which changes to a marly substance on being dried, 
and which becomes shivery and splits upon being wetted again, and which falls to 
pieces on being exposed to the atmospliere. 
Strong shallow loams on limestone rubble. 
Dry loams intermixed with clay. 
Deep moist running sands that are favourably situated for turnip culture. 
Lanils of moderately light sandy nature, but of consideral)le depth, on porous rock, or 
on gravel of a considerable deplli, on a tenacious subsoil. 
Peaty soils witii subsoils of calcareous clay. The clay may be serviceable in conso- 
lidating and imparting cohesii e power to tlie peat. Gravel will sometimes have 
the same effect. Peaty soils should if possible be converted into water-meadows. 
Very stiff soil, with little surface soil, for the purposes of field gardens to be cultivated 
by the spade or in cottage farms of a few acres. 
Heavy cold clay lands which are rendered porous and friable by draining, but near to 
and adjoining large towns. This description of land should be reserved to supply 
milk, butter, &c. &c. to the inhabitants, which would pay tlie farmer, and of 
course the landowner, as well and perhaps better than it would if it were broken 
u[]. Such lands are favourably situated for improvements from manure, compost, 
&c. 
Heavy lands that are stiff and tenacious throughout their substance because of the 
moisture they retain, but which ciiange their texture by draining. 
Cold sandy loams, forming pastures of a medium characl^er, freqiiently occupied fur 
dairy purposes, which cannot always be denominated cold clays, but rather cold 
sandy loams on a tenacious subsoil, from the abundance of moisture they con- 
tain, and which are comparatively barren from want of draining and better 
cultivation. 
Pastures intrinsically of a secondary character, and a portion of those which have been 
reduced to tliat state by long-contin>ied careless dairy management. Breaking 
up will recruit tlie former, and enable the latter to recover their lost fertility. 
Lands of this description might be made a great deal more of 
than they are at present. They might be so far improved as to 
supply the deficiency of dairy produce which would arise from 
breaking up one- fourth of the whole quantity of such land. All 
the farmers thus situated would afterwards find it unnecessary to 
purchase wheat. The quantity to be broken up must always be 
governed by circumstances. There are situations where it would 
not be desirable to break up more than 10 per cent., just barely 
enough to produce straw, &c. for litter, and on others half to 
three-fourths the farm ; but this cannot be recommended to be 
done at once. Probably the situations are not very numerous 
where it would answer to do so, and any prudent person of course 
would fed his wai/ by beginning on a small scale at first. On 
dairy farms without arable, 20 to 30 per cent, may be appro- 
priated for arable culture, but this should not be all undertaken 
at once. If done by degrees the effect m.ay be watched, and if 
unpropitious the coming storm may be averted by desisting in 
time. Except in particular circumstances 1 am not prepared to 
advise a greater e.\tent to be broken up. 
