194 
On Breakwf/ vp Grass Lands. 
Advantages to the Farmer in Profit, and the Landowner in Rent. 
Besides the profits that will accrue to the tenant and land- 
owner by breaking up land to a moderate extent, which are shown 
by our estimates, there are others which cannot be subjected to 
calculation, and which will arise from the saving of rates, in con- 
sequence of the labourer having full employment, probably to the 
amount of one-fourth of the Union expenditure. Poor, police, 
and county rates are all diminished when the labourer is in a 
comparatively comfortable condition. It is constant employment 
at fair wages that will tend to secure this more than anything 
else. A small patch of land, a pig in the sty, and constant em- 
ployment at " fair wages for a fair day's work," are all that is 
requisite to secure to the labourer this comparatively comfortable 
condition; and these things are surely not more than justly his 
due. The consequence of our placing him in this condition 
would be a certain reduction of rates, and whatever that might be 
it would be all gain to the occupier. But the profit to the tenant 
would not stop here. If the farmer obtains no profit whatever 
beyond that which we have assigned, he would secure to himself 
a safe investment for additional capital at good interest. He would 
obtain 15 per cent, upon the difference between the expenditure 
and capital employed in cultivating the pasture and that which he 
would be required to employ in cultivating the same land in 
arable ; and also, if there be profit in cultivating the soil, and if it 
be true that the better the cultivation the greater the profit, within 
certain limits, the farmer would be adding to his profits not only 
in the saving of rates, and good interest on additional capital, but 
by employing men to ensure a better and more perfect cultivation 
of the soil, he would be actually profiting by their labour, which 
in other circumstances would have been lost to himself, while the 
benefit of increased produce would have been lost to the country. 
The following, then, are the surplus profits to landowners and 
tenants to be derived from breaking up certain lands, over and 
above the ordinary profit on the capital proposed to be thus 
invested, as collected from my estimates : — 
Tenant. 
Landowner. 
Total. 
s, d. 
.1. 
d. 
£. s. d. 
Down land . • . 
1 0 
5 
0 
0 C 0 
Tliin sandy loam • 
S 6 
5 
0 
0 13 6 
Cold pasture . 
\ 2 
t 
0 
0 8 2 
Uaiiy farm of 100 acres 
f) 2 
0 5 2 
Dairy and grazing land 
t 1 
3 
0 
0 7 4 
5) 2 0 2 
£0 8 Oi 
If we knew exactly the extent of land in England and Wales 
answering to each of the above descriptions, we might arrive at a 
