Advantages of One-horse Carts over Waggons. 229 
because his drawing too much has a tendency to turn the waggon 
round towards his companion, to prevent which he must needs 
draw most with the shoulder next the lazy one, that the waggon 
may be kept going straight along the road. I have been told by 
some of those who are very fond of waggons, that the driver can 
prevent all that, which I will grant, but does he do it? The fact 
is, that good horses have license to work themselves to death, 
while an old knowing one has leave to act the rogue. But there 
is another evil out of the reach of the best driver ; which is this ; 
he cannot make all the horses take their steps alike long, con- 
sequently they do not keep pace with each other ; hence the evil 
when the last horse starts right foot first, and the fore horse left 
foot first : each horse is drawing with contrary shoulders, conse- 
quently it almost amounts to only one horse in place of two, for 
want of unity ; it is evident that when four horses proceed in a 
confused march, their strength is not applied so well as if they 
kept pace with each other in good order, which is an advance of 
discipline in the farming-stud which I am not sanguine enough to 
expect. 
I am not of opinion that it would take more power to draw a 
waggon with three tons on it (provided that it was the same 
weight as the three carts) than it would take to draw three carts 
with a ton each ; but, from the reasons stated above, I consider 
that there is a horse-power lost in the irregularity of the applica- 
tion of the four horses through bad driving, &c. 
Now for the proof whether waggons or carls are the most econo- 
mical : as it takes one man to two horses in the latter, and only a 
man to four in the former, it will be best to suppose six horses and 
three men with carts, which will bring home about 7 tons of lime, 
the carts weighing about 2 tons, making a total of 9 tons, or 30 cwt- 
per horse. The expense of si.x horses, at 3s. per day, is 18s., and 
of three men, at 2s. per day, 6s., or a total of 24s., or 3s. per 
ton, with carts. With two waggons the same quantity can be 
brought (but seldom is), the waggons weighing nearly 3 tons, as 
observed before — eight horses, at 3s., will be 24s., and two men, 
ar, 2s., will be 4s. ; making a total of 28s,, or 4s. per ton, with 
waggons, being one-eighth in favour of carts, without counting the 
extra turnpikes for eight horses in place of six. There is another 
great disadvantage in waggons, which is, the getting them emptied, 
as well as the extra work in loading them, which I believe is quite 
equal to the extra man required for the six horses, and would 
leave the one-fourth eained in horse-labour clear. 
In fact waggons never had any recommendation but one, and 
that was the advantage of dragging down hill, and not oppressing 
the horse in the descent, which difficulty has been quite over- 
come by the invention of a drag for carts, which can be applied 
* Q 3 
