232 Advantages of One-horse Carts over Waggons. 
empty cart, if required ; but by a horse travelling' at the rate of 
four miles an hour, he will go a furlong and retrace his steps in 
four minutes ; therefore the distance in furlongs should be multi- 
plied by four, and divided by twelve, the number of minutes 
taken to load, so that four horses will do, until the distance is 
more than three furlongs, when an extra horse or faster travelling 
will be required. At three furlongs and under the expense of 
horse labour will be about a pennv per 100 sheaves; and for 
every increase of three furlongs the horse labour will increase 
about a penny per 340 sheaves. Therefore, as 180 sheaves are the 
increase caused by a foot in length of straw, there will be an in- 
crease of one and four-fifth pence in the horse labour, and three 
and six-tenth pence in the manual labour, making a total of six 
and three-tenth pence, as the expense of carrying for every foot 
the crop is in length, with an addition of about a halfpenny for 
every three furlongs above three, in distance. I find that, by 
mowing wheat, the number of sheaves will be increased about 
J th, if well done ; and oats increase about ith by mowing ; there- 
fore the expense in manual labour is increased. The number of 
sheaves on an acre of oats is about one-fourth more than wheat, 
when both are reaped. I may remark that I always have my 
crops reaped within from four to six inches of the ground, at 
which oats with straw six feet long will produce about 1350 
sheaves per acre ; but T do not pay so much for pitching, loading, 
and repitching, by one fourth, as 1 give a halfpenny for 125 
sheaves ; and I have found that a horse will take a fourth more 
in number of oat sheaves than wheat, except where the oats have 
been mown, and are a very large crop, when the sheaves become 
too bulky : but where they can conveniently be put on, the horse 
will draw them ; therefore the carrying of oats is about the same as 
wheat. The decrease in number of sheaves per foot in length of 
straw is about 220 in oats. My men would rather carry wheat 
than oats at the same length of straw; but they like a middling 
crop of both best. When I am carrying a great distance, and liave 
a hard road, I put on very large loads, and have a horse to trace 
them out of the field, because the time taken in travelling is 
so much more than is taken in loading or emptying, therefore 
increases the number of horses required too fast, as will be found 
by the rule. 
The next work that takes place on my farm is the carting off 
roots, for which no sane man would think of using waggons; and 
the arguments applied to the carting out manure in two-horse 
carts are equally applicable to this, especially as one-horse carts, 
being lighter, do not consolidate the ground so deep as large 
heavy two or three-horse carts. 
The next work is the marketing of coi n, to which the same ar- 
