On Draining. 
271 
infall cesspool, it is clear that all the pipes ramifying: through a 
field will become filled with water, and that they will disseminate 
it gradually throughout the entire mass of earth above the level of 
the drain-pipes, and to any desirable height, as you will observe 
from the specimens before you, that an outlet-pipe can be formed 
in the discharging cesspool at any required distance below the 
surface of the soil, or at the surface. In this manner water may 
be given to the roots of plants. I refer more particularly to the 
grasses ; and when enough is given, the whole of the water may 
be removed at will, and a perfect drainage be established. The 
introduction of these cesspools with pipes also enables us to fill 
the higher parts of a field mth water, which, suddenly liberated, 
will scour out the lower drains, and prove their condition of open- 
ness. The cesspool is also useful when placed close to an out- 
fall into a stream or ditch, in which the water backs up with floods. 
It may then be furnished with a pipe and valve, here shown, 
which closes against the rising of the outfall water, and opens as 
the flood water falls, letting out the drainage water. By these 
simple means the sedimentary flood water is prevented from en- 
tering the drain-pipes, which remain filled with the clear water of 
drainage. In case of need, the receiving and discharging pipes 
may be luted into the cesspools with JeSery's marine glue, but, 
in most cases, a ramming round with clay will suffice for the pur- 
pose, absolute tightness being rarely necessary. 
These cesspools, with the various pipes now exhibited, have been 
made for me by Mr. J. M. Hoskison, of Wilnecote, near P'azeley, 
Staffordshire. They are admirable specimens of manufacture for 
truth and smoothness. 
It will be observed that I have not introduced to your notice 
any other kind of drain-tile than pipes, and because I consider 
them to have the preference over every other description of drain- 
tiles, and for the following reasons : — • 
1st. Because the pipe is an entire conduit in itself, stronger than 
any other form, and capable of being centered and connected by 
collars, or of having one pipe sheathed within another. 
2nd. Because the pipe requires less substance of material for a 
given strength than any other form into which clay can be put. 
3rd. Because the carriage is lighter both to the field, and in the 
field ; a great convenience and economy to the farmer and the 
drainer. 
4th. Because, from their form, when properly laid in the soil, 
pipes are subject to less derangement from external pressure, or 
the entrance of earth or vermin, than other forms of drain-tile 
heretofore in use. 
Much has been said and written about the porousness of pipes, 
as an useful property. I do not see any reason to suppose that 
