Geology of Norfolk. 
459 
In Its prolongation into Suffolk it is seen to rest on tlie red or 
Suffolk crag, containing a different assemblage of fossils, which 
in its turn rests on the coralline crag, and that again on the 
London clay. 
Being so extensively covered by the drift, it is only exposed 
in sea and river-cliffs and chalk-pits, and its beds of shells 
being less extensively developed than those of the Suffolk crag, 
are rarely used like them as a fossil manure. For this pur- 
pose those of Suffolk are largely employed, with great benefit to 
the light soils of that county ; though the term marl applied to 
them increases the confusion in which the nomenclature of agri- 
culture is involved. On the whole, the Norwich mammalian crag 
is of little agricultural importance. 
2. The Freshwater Beds. 
The crag is succeeded in the ascending order by ferruginous 
sand and gravel, and greenish blue clay, abounding with sulpliate 
of iron and vegetable remains, freshwater shells, bones, teeth and 
scales of freshwater fishes, together with remains of elephantine 
and other large mammals. The depth of the deposit inferred 
from numerous sections is usually somewhat less than 10 feet. 
It is seen in the base of cliffs between Weybourne and Happis- 
burgh, on the shore between high and low water. Its greatest 
development is at Runton and Mundesley. At the latter place 
the peaty deposit attains a thickness of nearly 20 feet, and with 
the freshwater shells which accompany it, is partly below, partly 
interlaced with the lowest members of the drift. 1 have seen 
patches of clay of a greenish blue colour, and containing fresh- 
water shells and vegetable remains, at the base of the cliffs be- 
tween Gorleston and Lowestoffe, 
The concurrent testimony of the collectors of the mammalian 
remains places them in these freshwater deposits, and not in the 
drift. I have myself extracted three specimens from their matrix. 
These were, 1, a rib of Elephas primigenius, from ferruginous 
sand and gravel at the very base of the cliff near Cromer, in 
which some stumps of trees were rooted, and within a fev/ yards 
of them J 2, a rib which I supposed to be that of Cervus mega- 
ceros {Mcgaceros Hihernicus of Owen), but which was lost on its 
way to London for identification. It was imbedded in pyritous 
sand and gravel, containing flattened wood, in the cliff, a little 
south of Mundesley, several feet above high- water mark. 
Besides these 1 have found a large pal mated deer's horn, re- 
sembling that of the 3Iegaceros, the fragments of which ai-e now 
under examination. Its site was a greenish blue clay and silt, 
resembling that of the freshwater deposits, but containing marine 
shells, and associated with yellow sand^ also containing the usual 
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