504 
On the Advantages and Disadvantages of 
is favourable, where they can be reached with facility, all the In- 
ferior soils will pay best under culture ; and if not required for 
any specific purpose, they ought undoubtedly to be broken up, as 
being better for the labourer, the farmer, the landlord, and the 
public. 
Tlie Lahourer. — To the labourer the breaking up grass lands 
is of especial advantage, as affording vastly extended means of 
employment. In the commonest process of breaking up grass 
land much labour is unavoidably exj)ended. It is indispensable 
to good culture that it be thoroughly underdrained : this must be 
effected prior to its conversion into tillage. Every useless hedge, 
crooked fence, old pollard trees, bushes, furze, or other obstruc- 
tions, should be removed ; every inequality of surface levelled 
down, and hollow filled up, so that the ploughs may work steadily. 
On many lands it is necessary to adopt the paring and burning 
mode of breaking up. These and many other little preparations 
are general upon turning pasture land into tillage. The great 
advantage, however, is in the regular daily labour to be done 
throughout the year. This will cost upon an average, as shown 
by the annexed table, from 425. to 605. per acre ; and is incurred 
in the various operations connected with arable culture, which, 
compared with land under grass, is in favour of the labourer as 
about As. to 50s. per acre, or nearly 1200Z. per cent, more is ex- 
pended on arable than pasture land. 
For labour expended in shepherding (including sheep-shearing 
and care of woolj, weeding, &c., an acre of grass land, will not 
exceed an average of As. ; but the labour expended on an acre of 
arable land will be as follows : — 
Wlieat. 
Corn. 
F 
£. 
s. 
d. 
£. 
s. 
(/. 
£. 
s. 
d. 
To manual labour in ploughing, per acre 
0 
2 
0 
0 
2 
0 
0 
<) 
0 
Do. Harrowing, scarifying, and drilling 
Do. Hoeing, draining, tending, weeding 
Do. Harvesting, including tlie cutting, 
0 
2 
6 
0 
2 
6 
0 
10 
6 
0 
(> 
G 
0 
6 
G 
0 
13 
G 
stacking, carting of corn crops, and the drawing. 
leading, cutting, and carrying out turnip crop 
0 
15 
G 
0 
17 
0 
0 
18 
fi 
Do. Leading to barn, thrashing, dressing, 
and delivering to merchant .... 
0 
12 
0 
0 
11 
G 
Do. Fallow management, including ma- 
nure loading and spreading on land, picking, 
and twitching ...... 
0 
10 
0 
For sundry labour in hedging, ditching, shepherd- 
ing, &c. &c. &c. . . • • . 
0 
2 
0 
2 
G 
0 
3 
G 
2 
1 
G 
2 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Labour expended in Wheat crop is 
Do. S|)ring crop 
Do. Fallows and croji . 
£. 
2 
2 
s. 
1 
2 
.-5 
d. 
c 
0 
0 
per acre, 
do. 
do. 
