510 
On the Advantages and Disadvantages of 
these particular items of expenditure. This course is a pro- 
gressive one ; land will improve under good culture, and ultimate 
benefit must result. Manures suited to every kind of land are to 
be obtained, and when it is once brought into a productive state 
it will, in a great measure, be self-supporting, by growing a suf- 
ficiency of herbage, under a proper rotation, to supply the requi- 
site manuring ; and, depend upon it, this supply of manure will 
contribute beyond any other to the farmer's profit ; it is his 
" sheet-anchor, ' bis " main-stay ;" it supplies the very essence 
required by the crop, and both land and crop would soon be 
valueless without it — " muck (says the old adage) is the mother 
of money." If these principles were carried out with respect to 
a large portion of the 1 5.000,000 of acres still under grass, what 
an amazing amount of food may yet be produced from the soil 
of these kingdoms without impoverishment : and in describing 
the mode of breaking up and tilling each kind of grass-land, the 
object will be to point out such courses as shall, by judicious 
management, fully carry them out, so that in every respect it shall 
" he better for the labourer, the farmer, the landlord, and the 
public." 
The mode proposed for breaking up and tilling each kind of 
grass land : — First, down lands, wold lands, or heath lands. 
These lands being thus designated in different localities are taken 
together, and may be further classed under these variations : — 
Sandy downs, light gravelly soils, thin clay, strong heavy clays, 
moor land and heath land. These are all met with in high open 
ridges, or in widely extended and elevated situations, and from 
their thinness of soil and varied quality demand especial atten- 
tion. It is highly important that the small amount of fertility 
they naturally possess should not be impaired by being impro- 
perly broken up. The very common and almost universal mode 
of paring and burning should, if possible, be dispensed with. If 
however the grub, wire-worm, or larva? of other insects abound, 
it must be adopted, taking care to avoid any unnecessary waste of 
soil. These lands are in general very inferior under grass, 
but profitable under arable culture with a proper rotation of 
cropping. 
In describing the mode of breaking up and tilling light land, 
it will be desirable to class the sandy doicns, chalk)/ downs, the 
light loams and gravel, and the fliniy chalks togetlier, as the 
general cidture is of the same kind on each variety of soil. All 
these varieties are well adapted to the alternate system of hus- 
bandry ; would be far more profitable under such course; easily 
cultivated, and therefore ought not to remain under pasture. In 
breaking up the sandy and chalky «lowns of Wilts, Hants, and 
Dorset, the following mode is adopted, and has been found to 
