Breaking itp Grass Land. 
515 
strong atifl most tenacious class may be effectively drained by the 
mole-plough, worked by a capstan, at a small cost per acre ; but 
every variety of soil would be belter and more permanently drained 
by tiles, ])ipes, or stone drainage ; and, if the outfuU is good, any 
reasonable depth may be obtained. Lands drained at wide inter- 
vals, and at the depth of five feet, will be more efficient than at 
lesser intervals and a shallower depth. The water will always find 
its way wherever the sun and drought of summer, or the frosts of 
winter, have opened the soil. The difficulties experienced by 
clay-cultivators have been surprisingly diminished by good sub- 
soil drainage ; and it has had the effect of rendering such soils 
far more profitable under arable culture. Under pasture they 
are very uncertain, from their great liability to injury from drought 
in srummer, or water in winter or wet seasons. In both cases the 
finer grasses are destroyed, and when wet the land receives in- 
jury from the treading of stock. Under culture the superior 
quality and weight of grain yielded will amply compensate for 
any little ditiiculty that may arise. There cannot be a more 
appropriate method of breaking up heavy clay-land than paring 
and burning, and that at a good and sufficient depth. No land 
is so infested with grubs, or larvze in general, and the number 
thus destroyed is astonishing; besides, the quantity of ashes ob- 
tained, to be spread and ploughed in, or carried on to other old 
lands, renders the soil open and p )rous, and is the great means of 
securing future crops. This operation to be executed in June, or 
early in July, as already stated. Rape should be first taken, fol- 
lov.ed by beans or oats; third, wheat; fourth, beans, in rows, to 
be horse-hoed during the whole summer ; fifth, wheat, to be 
drilled in with 7 cwt. of rape-cake dust. Second course: Fal- 
lows; to be well dunged and sown to rape; second, oats; third, 
wheat; fourth, beans, or clover, or tares, alternatelv, as the course 
comes round ; fifih, wheat. A moderate dressing of dung should 
be applied for the bean crop, or, if clover, laid on in the winter ; 
when the clover comes up for wheat it should be ploughed earlv, 
and well rolled down : the bean-land should undergo a thorough 
tilth before ploughing for wheat. 'I'his course of cropping it will 
sustain, under ordinary management, without injury. The thin 
clays would require beans after the oats or clover, and then wheat. 
A field of clay soil, containing 20 acres, in the occupation of the 
writer's brother, was thus broken up in the past summer, and the 
crop of rape, or coleseed, as it is provincially termed, he has sold 
under agistment to bring him in 51. l'2s. per acre : many of the 
plants are 4 feet in height, and of proportionate bulk. Three j ears 
since he broke up on the same farm two fields of like character, 
in the old and too common method, by merely ploughing and 
