356 
Utilisation of Waste Substances and 
such as these, and the description of their details, point ob- 
viously in one direction, namely, that in the very attainment of 
the economy, expenditure is to he avoided as much as possible. 
The position may be illustrated and enforced by putting it, 
an contraire, somewhat absurdly thus— that to carry out a system 
of economy it is necessary to employ expensive appliances, 
and to adopt wasteful methods of working. As to which, 
nothing surely needs further to be said. 
Synopsis of subjects proposed to be treated of. — Where so many 
subjects lie before one for discussion and illustration, it is, I 
confess, somewhat difficult to decide upon those to be taken up 
first. And this more especially when all, or nearly all, are full 
of practically interesting details. But, upon due consideration, I 
take two great divisions under which the classes of subjects 
will fall for discussion. Of these divisions the first is the 
economical use and management of materials valuable in themselves. 
Of the various classes by which this important division can be 
illustrated, I select in the first instance the following. 
(1.) T/ic economical use and management of fuel, and of steam- 
engine-furnaces, boilers, and general mechanism. 
The second division of the general subject concerns itself with 
the collecting, storing, and utilisation of substances known as, or 
considered to be, " waste " or useless. This other important divi- 
sion I propose to illustrate by the two following classes : 
(2.) The collecting, storing, and utilising the " Waste" mate- 
rials, which on all or nearly all estates and farms are allowed to 
lie littering about the yards, buildings, roads, &fc. ; and 
(3.) The collecting and storing of water obtained from neglected 
and generally unknoion sources on the estate and farm. 
These three subjects, as illustrated in the following paragraphs, 
are placed under this disadvantage, that from the very nature 
of this paper, as explained in the first paragraph, they are 
unfinished. They are but sketches, so to say, the finished and 
detached designs being the work which may or may not be 
taken in hand at some future and more favourable time. 
Nevertheless, in the present form of simply suggestive sketches 
it is hoped that much of a practically valuable character will be 
given ; and in such a way that sundry cognate points of some 
importance, not always carefully considered, will be suggested 
to the reader. 
It may be objected to some of the details of nearly every 
system that they are comparatively trifling, and that all are 
too minute to pay for the time and trouble which attending to 
them involves. But the same objection may be taken to almost 
every kind of work, forgetful of the fact that the little things 
are essential to make up in point of fact the larger details. It 
