398 
The Management of a Sliorthorn Herd. 
grow large, they are brought into profit early ; if not so large as 
desired, they have more time allowed to get their growth. As 
soon as the calves can eat, in winter they have a little cake and 
hay, or crushed corn. Those under twelve months old do not go 
out during the winter months. As soon as there is grass in the 
spring, those which are a year old are turned out to grass, and 
get no other food. The same remarks apply to bulls, except 
that they are better kept than the heifers. The calves are setoned 
about three months old, and the setons kept in till they are 
eighteen months, to prevent quarter-evil. 
The cows are milked twice a-day. If they are deep milkers, 
they generally have a little cake or corn, and when the pastures 
begin to fail, the allowance is increased. The times, of lying 
out in spring, and night-housing in autumn, depend upon the 
weather and the condition of the cows. If a cow is not milking, 
and not due to calve until the spring, she probably lies out until 
Christmas, without any other food than grass. Cows in-milk 
are generally taken in at nights about the end of October. If the 
winter is dry, the cows are frequently allowed to go out for an 
hour or two each day, when fine ; but if it is wet and cold, they 
are only let out to water once a day. Garget, in July and August, 
is the worst complaint among cattle in the district. The stock- 
bulls are generally turned out for two or three months in the 
summer, with sheds to which they have access at will. 
We have some special features of locality and climate, conse- 
quently of management, in the strip of country in Cumberland, 
bordered westward by the sea, and to the east by a range of 
green, bare, pastoral fells, running northward from Black Comb 
towards Wastwater, at heights varying up to somewhere about 
1500 feet, thus hedging off from the Duddon Valley the 
narrow vale through which flows the river Esk beneath the 
woods of Muncaster. One of the most notable herds in this 
district is that of Mr. Henry Caddy, of Rougholm, founded by 
his father many years ago. The farms in Mr. Caddy's occu- 
pation are altogether about 900 acres ; Rougholm and Hall 
Waberthwaite, both his own property ; Dyke, belonging to a 
relative ; Graymains, one of Lord Muncaster's farms, and Nether 
Stainton and Ellerbeck, rented of another proprietor, Mr. 
Nicholson. Besides these enclosed lands there is an unlimited 
right of fell pasturage. The higher fell supports a flock of 
Herdwick sheep, and the Shorthorns and a herd of Black Polled 
Galloway cattle have the lower lands and the fell up to, say, 
500 feet. The general character of the countrj', its wildness and 
seclusion, may be inferred from the fact that a year or two since 
a strange wolfish-looking dog, evidently a foreigner, and by the 
inhabitants supposed to have come ashore from some Baltic 
