400 
The Management of a Shorthorn Herd. 
cows low in winter, he can make Shorthorns milk to any extent ; 
and he cannot afford to lose the feeding propensities of the 
breed. The danger of his system is that with unskilful 
management the cattle in course of time would degenerate into 
mere milkers, shallow and narrow-fronted and light-fleshed ; 
but this he does not permit, for he knows too well the true 
form of the improved Shorthorn, and aims to maintain it, while 
cultivating by all possible means the dairy properties. 
The cows are hand-milked, and the calves reared by the 
pail. From three or four days old the calves are tied up, two or 
three in a loose box at first, and afterwards, when they get size 
enough, in little stalls made purposely for them, with rack 
and trough ; a most old-fashioned-looking row of babies, — so 
staid, with quite the manners of grown-up cows. For some 
time past the mortality has only been one in seventy, but formerly 
it used to be much larger. They sometimes suffer from scour 
(for which castor-oil is the medicine used), but rarely from hair- 
balls. They have milk twice a-day ; at first one quart of new 
milk in the day, increased to two and then to three quarts, as 
the call's capacity enlarges ; but about three quarts is the 
maximum quantity of new milk, which when they reach the age of 
about six months is gradually changed to " blue " or skim-milk. 
As soon as they can take it, a little oilcake and hay are given ; 
the calf at (say) four months old getting about half-a-pound of 
oilcake as the day's allowance. From six to twelve months old 
they have, with three quarts of skim-milk at each end of the 
day, porridge of oilcake-dust, with wheat, barley, and Indian 
corn all ground together ; and when skim-milk is plentiful, 
the allowance of it sometimes exceeds three quarts at the morn- 
ing and evening meal. The early-spring calves (born in 
January and February) go out in the summer, but come in at 
nights ; those dropped later stay indoors over the first winter. 
The calves of the previous autumn not only go out by day, but 
lie out at night in the middle of the summer. The cows lie out 
from the end of May or early part of June, according to the season, 
until the end of October or beginning of November. In some 
exceptional cases, cows in-milk, lying out, have 1 lb. of cotton- 
cake daily : during the lying-in months, turnips and " orts" — a 
term in the North of England for waste ha}' or straw, the leavings 
of cows in the byre. Formerly, the turnips used to be pulped 
and the " orts " cut, but this practice has been discontinued for 
the last two years, Mr. Caddy being persuaded that cattle do 
better and are healthier upon food given in a less artificial 
state. The worst complaint known in the district is red-water, 
in highly-fed heifers ; so that Mr, Caddy's system of moderate 
