The Management of a Sliortliorn Herd. 
405 
old. They have new milk at first, gradually changed to skiin- 
milk, or new and skim-milk mixed, as they grow old enough to 
take dry food, and then various meals (barley-meal, pea-meal, 
&c.) are given. The heifer-calves have new milk for about a 
fortnight, then changed to skim-milk by degrees, but within a 
few meals, and a very little cake and some chaff (cut hay) and 
dry bran, mixed, are supplied as the calves can take them. 
They lie indoors the first winter, afterwards are turned out 
to grass. 
The heifers thus moderately reared are put to breeding when 
about two years and three months old, so as to bring their first 
calves when they are three years old. 
The cows, being milked by hand, return to breeding soon 
after each calf, breed regularly, and generally calve again within 
the year. When they cease to be profitable as breeders, or 
when, young cows coming forward, there is a surplus stock of 
females, the cows no longer required are fed off and sold to the 
butcher, so that Mr. Morris never needs to have a public sale, 
his principle throughout being to treat pedigree Shorthorns as 
ordinary farm-stock, and make them pay rent and profit in the 
regular course of farming. The old cows made fairly fat 
realise from 30Z., which is about the minimum value, up to 40/. 
for extra-large cows, or any cows that have a little more than 
ordinary feeding. The cows lie out-of-doors at night from the 
first week in April to the beginning of December, in average 
seasons (subject to variations of a few days at either end of the 
grass season, according to the weather), and in winter have roots 
and hay. 
The stock-bulls are kept in boxes, and, if very quietly dis- 
posed animals, are turned in loose ; if, as is frequently the case 
with old bulls, inclined to use their heads, they are, although 
not vicious, tied by the neck by way of precaution. They are 
never led out for exercise ; only for use. This I am bound 
to mention as a fact in the management, certainly successful 
management, at Maisemore ; not that I would recommend the 
keeping of bulls without regular daily exercise where there are 
facilities for letting them have it. The bulls have roots and 
hay. Usually Mr. Morris has an old stock-sire and a young 
bull, a junior partner, coming forward to take the old one's place 
when he goes off, meanwhile useful for heifers. The young bulls 
bred in the herd are kept in open-sided boxes, or rather fenced- 
in sheds, with rail-fronts facing a large square yard. Water is 
laid on to the boxes and sheds, and turned on as required. The 
gates of the young bulls' sheds are secured by a small, vet 
sufficiently strong iron-fastener, so simple in its construction 
and use as to minimise the loss of time in opening and shutting 
