The Management of a Shorthorn Herd. 
409 
out to grass. Mr. Peter has not adopted any cooking process 
for bad hay, but approves of the practice of those who do so 
use it. For his own purposes he merely cuts it into chaff. 
In the Berkeley district calves running out are often troubled 
%vith " husk " or " hoose." The system of rearing in the 
Berkeley Castle herd is to let the cows suckle their calves, the 
calves running with the dams and sucking at will for three 
weeks, and the cows being milked between 5 and 6 in the 
morning, and at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, to take from them 
whatever the calves may have left. At the end of the three 
weeks the calves are taken away and brought up by hand, the 
finger given for a day or two, if necessary, to teach them to 
drink out of the bucket. 1 hey are fed twice a-day, about one 
gallon at a meal, less if they scour upon that quantity. In 
this respect, as should be the case with all allowances to cattle, 
the constitution and appetite of the animal are studied. Some- 
times a calf of three weeks old cannot beneficially take more 
than two quarts at each end of the day. The calves never get 
much more than their one gallon at a feeding. Hair-balls, the 
Irequent cause of loss in some herds, are seldom known at 
Berkeley. At about five weeks old, calves will nibble at some- 
thing in the manger. They then have crushed oats, Indian-meal 
and barley-meal, ground, but not too fine, as calves do not so 
readily chew the cud when fed on fine-ground meal. These 
different kinds of meal are varied, and are given in cut hay. 
Milk is given to the calves until they are six or seven months old. 
This treatment applies to the bulk of the young stock, reared 
in the ordinary way. No rule can be laid down for the show 
animals. Each is the subject of special study. The experiment 
of suckling for five or six months was fairly tried, but invariably 
great difficulty Avas found in getting the cows to breed again. 
Either they did not show any sign for breeding, or, if they did, 
and were supposed to be safe in-calf, they would turn again as 
soon as the calf was weaned. 
The pedigree cows, for the greater part, are good or fair 
milkers. The dairy cows without pedigree are all Shorthorns, 
and, for ordinary cows, are of a superior class, bought in at 
24/. or 25Z. each. They and the more highly bred cows form 
in fact one Shorthorn dairy herd. The dairy appointments are 
excellent. It is scarcely needful to say that the surplus offspring 
of the pedigree cows, when the herd grows too large for the 
farm, have been sold at high averages by auction. ' Some of the 
bull-calves also go to farmers in the district at remunerative 
prices. The ordinary dairy cows' calves are sold at 50s. to 60s. 
(the heifer-calves to be reared for dairy stock), and the cows, 
milked through the summer, arc put up about October, tied by 
