442 Report on the Studs and Breeds of Horses in Hungary. 
distinctive characteristics of the present brood mares were ob- 
tained, in comparatively recent times, from well-known imported 
sires. 
The half-bred English troop of mares was founded about 
1840 by the descendants of two imported English horses, named 
" Furioso " and " Nordstar ;" but whether these were thorough- 
or half-bred, I could not ascertain. The produce of the first- 
named is crossed with the second, and vice versa ; but from what 
I could learn they were not kept rigidly distinct, as the Arab 
cross is found to exist in some of the mares, and probably other 
strains. The troop of mares are all full bays, no white. I may 
here remark that bay is the prevailing colour of the horses of 
Hungary. The grey horses are all of Arab or Eastern descent. 
They are a very fine lot of mares indeed ; height from 15 to 
16 hands, average 15'2, possessing all the characteristics of the 
English horse ; in fact, it would be difficult to distinguish them 
from our own breed. Their points are good throughout ; with 
good hocks, excellent backs and loins, and great breadth under 
the knee. 
The two types of the " Nonius " breed are said to be of 
French origin, from a stallion of that name captured, in 1815, 
in Normandy. The Nonius horses are distinguished by their 
large coarse heads and Roman noses. The large Nonius mares 
measure from 15*2 to 17 hands ; some of them are very fine, 
and would do for horse artillery, or carriage purposes. This 
caste is very numerous throughout all the stallion depots, and 
furnishes their largest-sized horses. The mares being specially 
selected through many generations are, no doubt, excellent ; but 
the large Nonius stallions are, I think, in numerous instances, 
very defective, as I shall have occasion to notice when remarking 
on the stallion depots. The small Nonius mares are, as their 
name indicates, of the same extraction, but smaller ; height 
from 14 to 15*1, or so. I liked these mares very much, and 
stallions of this class are very numerous, and better suited for 
the small country mares. 
The " Gidrans " are all full chestnuts, of Arab extraction, 
crossed with the English horse. The troop was founded by a 
pure-bred Arab named " Gidran," imported in 1818. For a 
number of years this caste was kept distinct, and composed 
entirely of the pure Arab breed ; but, to correct faults common 
to the Arab, they were crossed in late years with the English 
thoroughbred, and the cross has been found to answer admirably. 
The troop is now essentially Anglo-Arab. The only objection 
to them is that they are small, 13-3 to 15*1 ; but from the fact 
of the stud authorities being about to divide the troop, as in the 
case of the Nonius horses, into large and small, it is to be 
