530 
The Camherland and Westmoreland 
Dalston station on the Maryport and Carlisle Railway. It is 
the property of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and forms part 
of the estate of Rose Castle, the seat of the Bishops of Carlisle, 
the park of which residence is included in the farm. The 
country is pretty, and the slopes of the little valley well wooded. 
The proximity of P^ose Castle and some other gentlemen's seats, 
moreover, naturally render its aspect more attractive. 
The farm consists of 589 acres of land, of which 405 are 
arable, two buildingsj &c., and 182 meadow and pasture. It is 
held on a fifteen years' lease, with a Candlemas entry, and six 
years of the lease have already run. It is described by Mr. 
Tinniswood as light land for the most part, with a " roche " or 
porous subsoil, and the pasture lies upon clay and gravel. It 
is on the Red Sandstone formation, which covers all this part of 
the county, and its elevation above the sea-level varies from 250 
feet in the Caldew meadows to 400 feet in the higher portions 
of the common land, which will be specially alluded to hereafter. 
Character of Farm. — The farm consists of two portions, 
somewhat distinct, although it is entirely in a ring fence. The 
residence is not far from the centre of the main portion, and 
the pastures occupy all the slopes below the house to the river. 
Rose Castle lies at a little lower level, in close proximity to 
Rose Bank. But away to the north-west there stretches a con- 
siderable area of elevated land, called " common land. ' This, 
which extends to 220 acres or thereabouts, has for the most 
part been reclaimed from a state of nature by Mr. Tinniswood 
since the commencement of his lease. It was valued at 8s. per 
acre on his entry ; it might probably be reasonably put at 20s. 
now, and this is entirely owing to Mr. Tinniswood's enterprise 
and exertions. The natural state in which a good deal of the 
adjoining land is still lying, sufficiently shows what was the 
condition of this when Mr. Tinniswood commenced his im- 
provements. Covered with gorse and heather, and affording a 
precarious livelihood for a few half-starved cows or sheep, it 
presents a wonderful contrast to Mr. Tinniswood's well- 
cultivated fields. Tennyson's ' Northern Farmer's ' boast is 
vividly recalled as one glances at this field of Mr. Tinniswood's 
labours : — 
" Dubbut look at the Waaste — there warn't not feeaci for a cow, 
Nowt at all, but bracken and fuzz : an' looiik at it now — 
Warn't worth nowt a hiiacre, an' now theer 's lots of fcciid, 
Fottr-score yows upon it, an' some on it doon in seeiid." 
Croppivfj. — The usual course of cropping of the county is 
followed witliout variation. This is — (1.) Swedes and common 
turnips. (2.) Wheat, barley, or oats, according to the descrip- 
