538 The Cumberland and Westmoreland 
ploughing. It generally gets two and sometimes three plough- 
ings, and the remainder of the cultivation is accomplished bj 
grubbings. The swedes are sown about the first week in May, 
and the mangolds somewhat sooner. The latter get about 8 cwt. 
of artificial (this year Mr. Jefferson has been trying Manchester 
sewage manure mixed with superphosphate), and are deposited 
in the land by finger, a small quantity of turnip-seed having 
been previously drilled in the ridges. The swedes get 6 cwt. 
of the same manure. The roots are all carted off the land, and 
consumed in the byres by cattle or on the grass by sheep. The 
root-crop last year was not an average one ; this year it pro- 
mises well. Mr. Jefferson was fortunate in getting all the 
fallow land planted with potatoes, cabbage, white turnips, or 
swedes, and at our July visit, like everybody else in this 
wonderful turnip season, had secured an excellent plant even on 
stubborn land naturally unsuited for roots. The turnips and 
swedes are singled by women or children on their knees ; and 
Mr. Jefferson had a boy in his employment who was said to be 
a first-rate hand at this method. It was said that this lad 
could do nearly an acre a day, but half an acre is generally con- 
sidered excellent work. 
Wheat. — The wheat, which generally follows the root-crop, 
varies very much with the season, and in a bad wheat season, 
like 1879, the whole of it is consumed by cattle upon the farm. 
Barley is not much grown, the straw from wheat being pre- 
ferred for bedding ; but this year this crop looked promising, 
as did also the wheat. 
Mr. Jcjf'ersons Mixture of Seeds. — The seeds which follow 
these corn crops are mixed by Mr. Jefferson with much care. 
They consist of Italian rye-grass, 7 lbs. ; perennial ditto, 6 lbs. ; 
cocksfoot, 1 lb. ; Timothy grass, 1 lb. ; meadow fescue, 2 lbs. ; 
trefoil, 2 lbs.; alsike clover, 2 lbs.; red ditto, 2 lbs.; white 
ditto, 2 lbs. ; cowgrass, 2 lbs. ; sheep's parsley, 1 lb. ; total, 
28 lbs. 
Permanent Pasture Seeds. — For permanent grass a more 
elaborate mixture is prepared — a small quantity of rough- 
stalked meadow-grass, meadow foxtail and crested dogstail being 
added to the above. Altogether 40 lbs. are sown when it is 
intended to keep land down. 
Oats. — The oats grown on the farm are entirely consumed 
upon the land. The straw is eaten by cattle. 
Cattle. — Mr. Jefferson has long been known in the north as 
an excellent judge of cattle and as a Shorthorn breeder of some 
renown ; but although he still keeps up his fancy to a certain 
extent, his farm is now more remarkable for the number of 
cattle which are annually disposed of from it, than for their 
