548 
The Cumberland and Westmoreland 
may be inferred from the fact that it is necessary with winter 
crops to put it in stitches of t) feet or thereabouts for the purpose 
of surface drainage. Again, he has not the advantage of so large 
a proportion of pasture-land as most of his competitors : out of 
162 acres only 17 being meadow or grass. Yet with these draw- 
backs, he exhibits a little farm which is well worthy of a visit, 
and which shows every sign of careful cultivation together with 
first-rate stock in every department. 
Situation. — Sanden House is just on the outskirts of the village 
of Abbey Town, 6 miles east of the little port and watering- 
place of Silloth, and 15 or 16 west from Carlisle. The country 
is uninteresting. Flat marshes extend towards the Sol way, 
which is only at a very short distance, and there are peat-bogs 
in the vicinity which remind one of Ireland. The farm is 
bounded on its north-eastern corner by the little river Waver, and 
an isolated meadow lying on the other side of the village is 
quite in the flat marsh formed by this stream. Besides the 
meadow there is another off-lying portion at a short distance, 
consisting of two small fields of very peaty land, quite fenny in 
character, and the lower part of which is under the serious dis- 
advantage of being liable to flood. The remainder of the farm 
is compact and lies pretty well for drainage, at a slight elevation 
above the village, and sloping on the north-cast towards the 
marshes. 
Tenure. — The farm is held on a yearly tenure of R. E. W. P. 
Standish, Esq., of Marwell Hall, Winchester. Mr. Donald has 
liberty to crop as he likes, with the exceptions that two white 
crops cannot be taken in succession, and that he must not sell 
hay or straw, or roots, off the farm. The before-mentioned 
meadow cannot be broken, but all the remainder of the farm is 
" arable," though as a matter of convenience a field of eight acres 
near the house is kept in permanent grass. The farm has been 
in Mr. Donald's occupation since 1863. 
The fields vary in size from 5 to 16 acres. It is therefore not 
easy to keep the cropping quite uniform, but two fields, say 14 
or 15 acres, are generally fallowed each year, and this operation 
is followed by wheat. 
Cropping. — The fallow crops are various, according to the 
nature of the soil, and there is generally a portion of dead fallow, 
necessitated by the character of the soil. Swedes, cabbage, 
white turnips, rape, mangolds and potatoes are all taken, but 
some of these in very small quantities. 
The whole of the root-crop is removed from the land, which, 
as I have said, is sown with wheat (as the land will not grow 
barlev of good quality). This is seeded down, and generally 
remains down two years, after which potato-oats are grown. 
