550 
The Cumberland and Westmoreland 
dition of the crop. The land generally requires two or three 
spring ploughings in addition to the autumn one, and a great 
deal of grubbing and " Crosskilling " before it can be got ready 
for sowing. About 12 loads of manure are put in for this crop 
per acre, and in addition 3 cwts. of dissolved bones, at 8/. 10s. 
per ton. The whole of the root-crop is removed from the land, 
and principally consumed in the byres. 
Wlicat. — Wheat, as I have said, is the favourite crop to follow 
these various fallow operations. The sort sown is Creeping White, 
and if anything could display Mr. Donald's management to 
advantage it Avould be the condition of the crop growing in July. 
This piece was after fallow, turnips, potatoes and mangolds. If 
the wheat sowing cannot be completed before November 11th 
(jMartinmas) it is not persevered with, any later seeding not 
succeeding properly. It should begin by Oct. 10th. The 
wheat in question was a piece which, take it throughout, might 
compare favourably with the best of the crops in many a famous 
wheat county. In examining the few wheat-crops which came 
under their observation in Cumberland and Westmoreland, the 
Judges were in no doubt as to the wise discretion exercised by 
most of the farmers in these counties in practically abandoning 
its cultivation. On one or two farms where wheat was grown, 
though forward and very promising in appearance in February, 
it had a disappointing aspect in July. The most we could 
estimate several of the wheat-crops we saw in driving about the 
counties was 3 qrs., or at the very utmost 3^ qrs. per acre. But 
this crop of Mr. Donald's was so different from anything which 
we had before seen that we were led to a close examination of 
it, which resulted in a most favourable augury. Although very 
long in the straw, completely hiding a tall man when he walked 
in the furrows, it was stiff and erect ; as thick as it would stand 
upon the ground, perfectly clean and with a long well-filled ear, 
I do not think that with a favourable harvest period it would be 
too much to estimate the crop on the upper portion of the 
ground at G imperial quarters an acre, and on the lower part, 
where it was not as thick, at ') quarters, and I should be sur- 
prised to hear that it had yielded less than this. 
Seeds. — The seeds which follow generally come favourably 
among the wheat. About 10 lbs. of mixed small seeds are 
sown, and G gallons of Italian and common ryegrass. They are 
mown one year, then grazed till broken up. This year they 
were as good a plant and as full of clover as most we saw, and I 
may therefore mention that cowgrass and alsike are both used, 
in addition to the red and white clover. 
Oats. — The oats out of lea were good for the land. A heavy 
seeding is necessary, and five bushels of potato-oats are sown 
