20 
The FiirmiiKj nf Westmorland. 
On tlie iij>]itei- soils, as south and east of Kendal, and in the 
Vale of Eden, the usual course is, 1st year, oats ; 2nd year, tur- 
nips (sometimes half drawn and half eaten by sheep on the 
ground) ; 3rd year, barley or oats, sown with seeds ; 4th year, 
grass. On soils a shade stronger the course is prolonged to five 
or six years ; and this is approved of as the best. Arable land in 
in many places has become "clover sick " and "turnip sick;" 
one reason being that those crops are repeated at too short 
intervals. When the land has rested two or three years in grass, 
and the seeds have been well manured or dressed with lime- 
compost, it does not often fail to grass well after the second vear, 
and comes out much fresher for the succeeding grain and green 
crops. 
On the clay-soils about Newby, Morland, Strickland, Orm- 
side, &c., where turnips cannot be depended upon, the course 
is, — 1st year, oats; 2nd, bare fallow, limed and manured; 3rd, 
wheat ; 4th, seeds ; sometimes mown for horse-hay. 
Oats almost invariably form the first crop on breaking up. 
Wheat has been trieil, but given up as a failure. 
The rule is, always to have a green crop or fallow between 
Avhite crops ; and in most leases or conditions a heavy penalty is 
attached to two successive grain-crops. Sometimes, however, the 
seeds "miss," and then a second corn-crop may be taken if well 
manured. 
Mr. R. Knowles, an able practical agriculturist, gives the 
following comparative estimate of a four years' course of tillage 
and grazing on a mixed farm of fair quality in Westmorland 
(see pages 22, 23). 
In sowing seeds for one year's grass, about IJ bushel Italian 
rye-grass and 9 lbs. American cow-grass are used. For two or 
three years' grass the following is recommended : — 
Perennial Eye Grass I j bushel. 
Italian Rye Grass (i lbs. 
Cocksfoot 5 ,, 
Timothy Grass 2 „ 
(Jow Grass 8 
Alsyke Clover 4 „ 
Wliite Clover 2 „ 
Grass cutters and reapers are becoming common. Perhaps 
no better turnip husbandry can be found anywhere than about 
Kendal, Milnthorpe, Kirkby Lonsdale, and Kirkby Thore. 
All produce except grain and potatoes is, by rule, consumed 
and made into manure on the premises ; by special agreement, 
however, on a few farms near towns, or where more wheat than 
commonly is grown, the tenants are allowed to sell straw and 
turnips, on bringing back an equivalent in manure. 
