24 
The Farming of Westmorland. 
(neither the tops nor tails removed) and carefully covered with 
earth, except a portion of the tops which stands up above the 
earth-covering. It is found that the cost of stoi'inj^ the crop is in 
most seasons much more than repaid by the improved quality of 
the turnips, their freedom from destruction by ijame, rabbits, 
crows, and pij^eons, and from decay caused by frost. 
The next year the land is sown down, usually with oats, and 
with grass and clover seeds, viz. ; — 
Perennial Rye Grass li bushel. 
Italian Rye Grass -| „ 
Cocksfoot ^ „ 
Timothy Grass 2\ lbs. 
American Cow Grass 7 „ 
Alsyke Clover 3 „ 
White Clover 2 ,, 
After the corn-seed has been harrowed in, and the land, if at 
all rough on the surface, rolled, the grass and clover-seeds, all 
intimately mixed together, are at once sown by the common 
sowing-machine, first up and down the field, and then across, 
making sure of the seeds being evenly distributed over the 
whole of the surface. A single stroke of a light harrow is at 
once applied, and afterwards a heavy roller. 
On the marsh or moss land, considerably detached, a four- 
course shift is followed, viz., 1st year, oats ; 2nd, green crop ; 
3rd, corn and seeds ; 4th, seed-grass. The seeds being 2 bushels 
of Italian rye-grass, and 10 lbs. of English red cloA^er per acre. 
The green crops on this land are principally mangolds and car- 
rots, to which about 7 tons of good farmyard dung, and 6 cwt. 
of superphosphates are applied. 
Hay is made from about 60 acres, including the first year's 
crop of clover and grass seeds, and the old meadow-land. A 
mowing-machine is used and much approved of. 
The average yield of oats is about 7 quarters per acre. The 
wages paid to the labourers all the year round are at the rate of 
14*. per week. 
The cattle kept are short-horns, Galloways, and West High- 
land, with crosses between the Galloway cow and short-horned 
bull. Both short-horns and crosses are bred on the farm, and 
sold fat, the heifers generally at 2^- years old, and the bullocks 
at 3^ years. 
The sheep are pure Southdown ewes, part yearly set to a 
Leicester ram. A few fat lambs are sold to the butchers ; the 
others, both Southdowns and crosses, are wintered, the downs in 
the fields, and the crosses in airy sheds, where they are fed on 
turnips, hay, and oats. They are shorn early in May, and sold 
about a fortnight afterwards very prime fat. The down hoggets 
