The Fannimj of Westmorland. Z 
of the above areas cultivated and otherwise, and Ijelievcs the fol- 
lowing table to be near the truth : — 
Acres 
Acres. ^^.jjjjjg county. 
Laud under com crojis in 18G5 22,130 = 4*42 
„ green crops „ 11,191 = 2-23 
bare fallow „ 2,105 = 0-41 
„ artificial grasses under rotation .. .. 18,519 = 3"69 
Total arable, taken from Government Picturns 53,945 = 10,75 
Permanent pasture, meadow, and ancient inclosurcs 159,931 = 31*93 
Ivough pastures and low allotments 33,793 = 6"74 
HiU'pastures and high allotments 74,420 = 14-85 
Fells and commons, uninclosed 147,025 = 29'35 
Woods and plantations 18,fi70 = 3'75 
Koads 3,655 = 0-73 
Eaihvays 947 = 0-19 
Lakes, tams, rivers, and ponds 8,518 = 1'71 
"500,904 = 100-00 
Out of the 22,130 acres under corn-crop, no less than 17,042 
acres were oats. These figures plainly indicate that Westmoi-- 
land is not an arable district, only about one-tenth of the gross 
area being under the plough. Nearly one-third of its surface is 
yet uninclosed ; commons remaining in 20 out of 32 parishes. 
In March, 1866, the county possessed 55,328 head of cattle, 
being 91 for every 100 of population, and 11-4 to every 100 
acres of area, the average of Eng^land being respectively 10-2 and 
17-4. There were of sheep 224,664 ; being 46*3 to every 100 
acres, or just about the average of England. 
The county is essentially mountainous, yet it contains many 
fertile and smiling valleys, with the charming lakes of Winder- 
mere, UUcswater, Grasmere, Rydal, «Scc. The climate, though 
humid, is very salubrious, the mortality of the whole county 
in 1866 being only eighteen in the thousand ; that of one district 
being only 14-3. The lake district attracts permanent residents 
in increasing numbers, notwithstanding its pluvial notoriety. 
The great Pennine chain, stretching from Cross Fell to Stain- 
more, guards the county on the east ; the giant ramparts of the 
Lake mountains, " the mighty Helvellyn," Bow Fell, &c., on the 
west. The northern parts dip into the fertile vale of Eden, and 
the southern extremity is washed by salt water in Morecambe 
Bay. The county is cut in two across its centre from east to 
west by what may be called a backbone of mountains and high 
ground, stretching from the head of Grasmere by Shap Fell, Ash 
Fell, &c., to the Pennine chain. It is pierced by several passes, 
such as Raise Gap, Kirkstone, Shap, &c. The waters north of 
this ridge run into the Eden and Solway Frith, those south of 
it into Morecambe Bay. 
3 2 
