152 Farming Customs and Covenants of England. 
Durham. — The farms arc commonly held from the loth May, 
but a few are taken at Michaelmas. With respect to the May- 
day takings, the outgoing tenant is allowed an away-going crop 
on from one-half to two-thirds of the arable land, the straw from 
which crop is to be left on the premises for the benefit of the 
incoming tenant. The remainder of tlie arable land may be 
entered on in January or February. The outgoing tenant quits 
that portion of the pasture land which was depastured in the 
preceding year on the 6th April, and the other portion on the 
i3th May. He retains the use of the barns and stackyards until 
the following Lady-day, on condition that he shall thrash his 
crops so as to give the incoming tenant a regular supply of straw 
for use during the intervening winter. The manure made during 
the last six months belongs to the incoming tenant. 
With respect to Michaelmas tenancies the whole of the pre- 
mises are given up at that time, and the outgoer is paid for the 
acts of husbandry on the fallows. The incoming tenant has to 
take to the hay, straw, and roots at a consuming price. Tenants 
do all repairs except those to walls, timber, and roofs. No 
allowance is made for unexhausted manures or improvements. 
Mr. Samuel Rowlandson, of the College, Durham, has supplied 
us with most of the above information. 
Essex. — The tenancies commence at Michaelmas, and the 
outgoing tenant is entitled to the use of the barns until the 
following Lady-day. 
The incoming tenant has to pay for the acts of husbandry on 
the root-crop and fallows, including the rent, and in many in- 
stances the tithes and rates. Hay is valued to the incoming 
tenant at two-thirds the market price. The outgoing tenant 
may fodder out his hay and straw ; or the incoming tenant may 
thrash the corn and take it to the market (not more than ten miles), 
and take the straw, &c., to pay expenses. The manure is mea- 
sured in heaps, and valued to the incoming tenant at so much 
a yard. 
Hay and straw may be sold off, on manure being brought back, 
load for load. The tenant does the repairs, the landlord pro- 
viding materials within 10 miles. 
Gloucestershire. — The takings in this county arc chiefly, on 
the Cotswold Hills at Lady-day, and in the Vale at Michaelmas; 
but in those parts of the county which border Hereford and Mon- 
mouth they are sometimes at Candlemas. With a Lady-day 
taking, the incoming tenant pays for all acts of husbandry done 
to the root-crops, with the full amount expended in artificial 
manure during the last year, and for all winter ploughings, 
manuring, young clover, &c. When bones are used, an allow- 
ance of three years is made on the Cotswold, but not in the 
