158 
Farming Customs and Covenants of England 
The incoming' tenant has to take to all the hay and roots at con- 
suming value, and the grass seeds sown in the spring. There is 
no away-going crop, but the incoming tenant has to thrash and 
carry the corn to market, for which he receives the straw, chaff", 
<S:c. All the hay and straw must be expended on the farm, and 
the four-course shift is very strictly earned out.* 
NORTHABIPTONSHIRE. — The tenancies commence at Michael- 
mas and at Lady-day. With a Michaelmas entry the incoming 
tenant pays for the acts of husbandry, seed, and labour, and for 
the dead fallows. 
The outgoing tenant is entitled to his full crop of roots, and 
should the incoming tenant object to take to it, he may feed them 
off on the ground until the first week in the following April ; and 
if the incomer also objects to take to the hay and straw, the out- 
goer retains the use of the homestead until Lady-day. With 
Lady-day tenancies there is no away-going crop, but the tenant 
is paid for the acts of husbandry, and the cost of the seed, &c. ; 
and on the fallows the last year's rent and taxes. All the manure 
belongs to the incoming tenant. Unexhausted improvements are 
not compensated for, but an allowance is generally given for 
draining, extending over three years, if the landlord has provided 
the pipes. 
NoiiTHUMBERLA.ND. — The entries are usually on the 13th of 
May. There is a right of pre-entry after the 1st of December, 
to plough the land about to be fallowed, to cart manure, sow, 
and roll the seeds upon the spring corn. The incoming tenant 
pays for the grass and clover seeds which have not been damaged, 
and he reaps and carries to the stack the away-going crop of the 
late tenant. The manure belongs to the incoming tenant. The 
landlord keeps the walls and main timbers in repair, and the 
tenant makes the other repairs. There are a few instances, how- 
ever, in which tenants enter at Lady-day, as on the Duke of 
Northumberland's estates, where the incoming tenant enters 
upon all the land at Lady-day, and there is no away-going crop. 
Nottinghamshire.— The entries here are at Michaelmas and 
Lady-day, sometimes New Lady-day, but usually on April 6th. 
On the Michaelmas tenancies the incoming tenant pays, on the 
dead fallows, for the acts of husbandry, the rent, rates, and taxes, 
also the manure or lime applied, and the labour of applying 
them. He also pays for the turnips at a consuming price, 
together Avith two-thirds of the cost price of the bones or other 
approved artificial manures. On the grass-land he has to pay 
for one-third of the value of the cake consumed in the preceding 
* The manure was formerly left on the farm without payment, but now it is 
customary for the incomer to pay the " spending " value of the manure left at 
Michaelmas— C. S. R. 
