164 
Farming Customs and Covenants of England. 
tenancy the out<^oing tenant retains possession of part of the 
house and buiklings, with fold and boozy pasture, until the fol- 
lowing- Lady-day, to consume the hay, straw, and roots ; he is 
also paid for ploughing and acts of husbandry performed pre- 
viously to the termination of the tenancy. Here, as in Glouces- 
tershire, the apples and pears must be removed by September 
29th, or they become the property of the landlord ; and the Coun- 
cil of the Chamber of Agriculture of Worcestershire (to whom 
we are indebted for most of the above) would recommend a 
Michaelmas tenancy as the most preferable, with proper pro- 
visions for the outgoing tenant to take the fruit-crop, which is 
frequently not ripe by Michaelmas, in which case the trees are 
often much damaged in gathering it before. 
North Wales. — No farm customs appear to exist in this 
portion of Wales. The farms are usually let from Lady-day, 
with a pre-entry at Candlemas. In other districts, as on the 
hills, we meet with Old Michaelmas and All Saints' Day 
takings. The ofF-going tenant on a Lady-day taking usually 
claims an away-going crop — on the fallow two-thirds of the 
crop, and on the clover ley one-third. Should he, however, omit 
to manure the clover ley, he forfeits his share of the crop ; in 
some instances the incomer has to pay for seeds. If it is a 
Michaelmas taking he only pays for seeds. 
South Wales. — Tenancies usually commence at Michael- 
mas, although in some counties (Radnor and Brecon, for in- 
stance) Lady-day tenancies prevail. In the two counties named, 
there exist customs very similar to those prevalent in Hereford- 
shire, but when there is a Michaelmas taking there cannot be 
said to be any custom except that the outgoing tenant sells 
everything he possesses, including hay, straw, corn, and manure. 
All the incoming tenant has to pay for is the seed sown with 
the barley crop. Of late years a great deal has been done to 
effect an introduction of agreements and to give a tenant-right, 
but this is attended with difficulty. On some estates the incom- 
ing tenant is compelled to purchase the manure, and in a few 
instances the outgoing tenant has been prevailed on to work the 
fallows, the incoming tenant paying the rent, rates, and acts of 
husbandry thereon. The holdings are nearly all from year to 
year, and leases are very seldom granted, there being on most of 
the estates a feeling of confidence between landlord and tenant. 
We have received from Mr. R. H. Harvey, of Haverfordwest, 
an excellent paper on the Customs and Tenure of Land in South 
Wales, a great portion of which we have embodied in the above. 
Yorkshire, North and East Ridings. — In these portions 
of the county the time of entry is at Old Lady-day. The out- 
going tenant is allowed an away-going crop from a third of 
