170 
45. COMPOSITE. 
25. Carlina. F1. all perfect. Outer phyll. lax, leatiike, spi- 
nous ; inner linear, membranous, coloured and resemblmj^ 
a ray. Receptacle with cleft scales. Pappus in 1 row, 
branched and feathery, connected hito a ring below. 
26. Arctium. Involucre globose. Phyll. ending in hooked 
points. Receptacle flat, with rigid subulate scales. Fr. 
compressed, oblong. Pappxis short, hairlike, distinct. 
b. Anthers without bristles at their base. 
* Pappus in many rows of different lengths ; inner ra)0 longest, 
longer than the fruit. 
27. Seebatula. Heads dicecious by abortion. Phyll. sharp, 
imarmed. Scales of the receptacle split longitudinally into 
linear bristles. Fr. compressed, not beaked ; basal scar ob- 
lique. Pappus persistent. 
** Pappus in many rows, unequal; second row longest, equal to 
or shorter than the fruit; rarely none. 
28. Centaueea. Anthers with papillose filaments. Recep- 
tacle chafiy. Fr. attached laterally above the base to the 
receptacle. Pappus hairlike, rarely 0. 
*•* Pappus in many rows, equal, long. 
29. Onopordtjm. Receptacle honey-combed. Fr. 4-ribbed. 
Pappus rough. Otherwise like Carduus. 
30. Caedtjus. Phyll. simple, spinous, pointed. Receptacle 
with fimbriate scales. Fr. compressed, oblong. Pappus 
long, hairlike or featherj^, united into a ring at the base and 
deciduous. — Includes Cniciis Linn, and Cirsium DC. 
*•** Papptis in many rows. Filaments monadelphom. 
31. SiLYBUM. Phyll. leaflike at the base, narrowed into a 
long spreading spinous point. Receptacle scaly. Fr. com- 
fressed, its terminal scar surrounded by a papillose ring. 
'appus hair- or scale-like, united into a ring at the base, 
deciduous. 
Suborder III. CICIIORIACE/E or LIGULIFLOR.^. 
llowers all ligulate and perfect. 
* Pappus 0. Receptacle without scales. 
32. Lapsana. Heads 8 — 12-flowered. Phyll. in 1 row, erect, 
witli 4 — 5 short bracts at their base. Fr. compressed, striate, 
deciduous, not enveloped in the phyllaries, 
