M. L. TiLDESLEY 
187 
7L 
8R 
SL 
QR 
9L 
lOR 
lOL 
AiR 
AIL 
TH 
ZR (R) 
ZR (L) 
y 
X 
y 
X 
The means of the cohimns give the corresponding lengths for the type skulls of 
each of our own groups, and from these we can plot the points in the type section. 
A line is now drawn passing through the plotted points, and we thus reach the 
transverse type contour. Since the skull is resting face upwards during this 
tracing, the contour as drawn gives the norma facialis, and this is the aspect 
that Benington has chosen. I myself, like Thomson, have reversed on the type 
contour, the right and left of the individual contours, thus giving the norma 
occipitalis. (See Figs. I- VI.) 
(6) The Glabellar Horizontal Section. This is obtained by placing the skull on 
the craniophor and by aid of the scriber marking points on the same horizontal 
plane as the nasion : one, the gamma, in the occipital region where it is crossed by 
the sagittal plane, the other in the region above the left aiiricular passage*. 
The skull is now adjusted on the Klaatsch support until these three points are 
found to be in the same horizontal plane. The horizontal contour is then drawn 
parallel to this plane, but through the glabella; it will fall below the lambda. The 
points in the median plane immediately above the nasion and below the lambda 
on this contour are specially marked with the Klaatsch tracer. They will be spoken 
of as F and 0, the glabellar and occipital points of the horizontal contour. The 
points (T^ and T^) at which the contour crosses the temporal lines, right and left, 
are separately marked with the tracer as Thomson has done: it is found more 
accurate to mark them in this way, as there is a certain liability to error in turning 
a sharp corner such as that at the temporal lines, unless special care is exercised. 
This completes the tracing of the contour. The fronto-occipital line FO is now 
drawn, and is divided into ten eq^ual parts by the proportional compasses; lines 
perpendicular to FO are drawn through the points of division and numbered 2 to 
10, travelUng from to 0; one at 0| to obtain the occipital curvature; lines 
through Fl and Fh to give the frontal curvature, and to complete this, ordinates 
from and T^. 
We may note that when these temporal lines are not marked, as in Dr Benington's 
contours, the resultant effect in the frontal region of the type contour is much more 
rounded, and suggests at first sight, that the plane in which the contour was taken 
is higher than the glabella, where the temporal ridge is much less prominent. 
* It is not really necessary to make such a jjoint above both auricular passages, since three points 
suffice to determine a plane; though a fourth point might act as a check on the orientation of the skull 
upon the Klaatsch holder 
