ii Transactions of the Boyal Society of South Africa. 
was a warm country with a mild and damp climate. The fauna was 
characterised by the presence of the Hippopotamus and the Rhinoceros 
mercki (the nearest ally of our White Ehinoceros), and Elephas Antiquus, 
which is a nearer ally to the Indian than to the present African form. 
The Acheulean, which follows, is closely connected with the Chellean. 
In most places the fauna is still that of a warm country, but in certain 
localities arcto-alpine forms belonging to the next stage are also in 
evidence. The stone implement, the " boucher," " predominates still, but 
it is of finer workmanship and is a more efficient tool. 
During the Mousterian or Middle Palaeolithic the temperature was 
lower and the fauna was that of a cold, moist climate. The Mammoth, an 
animal of 16 or 18 feet in height, takes the place of its still larger prede- 
cessor Elephas Antiquus ; with it is a woolly Ehinoceros, Rhinoceros 
tichorrhinus. The Acheulean boucher is still occasionally, but seldom, 
met with. The Mousterian implement is usually chipped on one face 
only, the reverse side shows well-nigh invariably the convex node called 
" bulb of percussion " ; the edges of the implements are often carefully re- 
touched ; the flakes, obtained as a by-product, are used again for smaller 
tools, &c. It is in the Middle Palaeolithic that the Neanderthal type of 
man has been found. 
The classification of the three Upper Palaeolithic stages is a very 
difficult one. In the Aurignacian Age the cold fauna of the Mousterian 
has gone, and its representatives are very much reduced in number. An 
amelioration of climate has evidently taken place. Man has so much 
progressed mentally or by contact that the implements are distinguished 
by a variety of forms ; bone is being used. 
In the Solutrian the chmate is no longer as mild as it was in the 
Aurignacian ; implements of stone are being made for newly developed 
requirements ; bone and ivory are in common use. 
In the Magdalenian Age, the lowering of temperature becomes a 
dry cold which makes itself keenly felt. This last division is characterised 
by the use of the Eeindeer horn. 
During these three periods the severity of the climate, especially in 
winter, induced man to seek shelter to avoid partly its rigour. This shelter 
he found in the caves or grottoes formed naturally in calcareous forma- 
tions or under hanging rocks. His mental faculties were taxed to the 
utmost to resist the ferae naturae which became more and more numerous 
(but he did this much more likely by craft than by brute force), and also 
to obtain from them food, and garments as protection from the cold. 
How long did these three periods, called the period of the Eeindeer, last, 
or by what interval were they separated is still an unsolved problem ; but 
* The " boucher " corresponds to the " celt." The term, proposed by Sollas, should 
be adopted. 
